2020年5月7日 星期四

cost, take, spend, pay 的用法(英文加強班)

cost, take, spend, pay 的用法:
標題句:The watch costs only $200.
    It takes me one hour to wash my car.
    They spent one hour washing the car.
    Mr. Lin paid $1,500 for the meal.
結 構:cost, take, spend, pay 的用法

cost, take, spend, pay 這四個動詞經常會讓台灣學生混淆不清,原因無外於它們所對應的中文,往往都會有一個字「花 ‧‧‧」有關,這包括了「花時間」和「花金錢」。這四個動詞用法上的注意事項如下:
1. 它們的「主詞」是什麼?是「人」?還是「物」?
2. 它們是用於「時間」或「金錢」上?
3. 若其後有接第二個動詞,是「不定詞」( to + 原形動詞)?還是「動名詞」( V-ing )
現就這四個動詞的相關用法,概略說明如下:
1. cost 的本意為「價值」,故僅限用於「主詞」為「」時,當然也僅限用於「金錢」上。( 過去式為 cost,過去分詞也是 cost
 句型用法:
 物品 + cost(s) + + .   (物)花了(人)($)
 It + cost(s) + + + to + 原形動詞.   買(物)花了(人)($)

2. pay 的本意為「付錢」,故只能用於「金錢」上,當然「主詞」也只能是「」。( 過去式為 paid,過去分詞也是 paid
 句型用法:
  + pay + + for + 物品.   (人)付 $ 買(物)

3. spend 用於花費「時間、金錢」,主詞只能是「」,其後若有第二個動詞,則只能用「動名詞」形式。( 過去式為 spent,過去分詞也是 spent
 句型用法:

  + spend + 時間/ + V-ing.   (人)花(時間/ $ )做(事)或買(物)

  + spend + + on + 物品.   (人)花 $ 買(物)

4. take 用於花費「時間」,主詞有三種可能情形,其後若有第二個動詞,則只能用「不定詞」形式。( 過去式為 took,過去分詞是 taken
 句型用法:
 
  It +
takes + + 時間 + to + 原形動詞.   做(事)花了(人)(時間)
 
  V-ing (動名詞當主詞) +
takes + + 時間.   做(事)花了(人)(時間)
 
 
+ take + 時間 + to + 原形動詞.   (人)花(時間)做(事)

讓腦筋整理一下:看了上述四個動詞的相關句型後,頭腦不「花」才怪;請根據上述的四個句型,填寫底下的整理表(如 pay「主詞」的例子,在符合處打),再核對一下答案,看看弄懂了沒?(打X處代表不用填寫)
(花)動詞
主  詞
使用時機
其後第二個動詞形式
時間
V-ing
不定詞
pay
 
 
 
cost
 
 
 
 
spend
 
 
 
 
 
 
take
 
 
 
 
 
 
想想看二:在「It + takes + + 時間 + to + 原形動詞.」句型中,主詞 It 是扮演什麼角色?真正的主詞又是在哪裡?

在有點概念之後,再舉分別幾個例子,應可更了解各句型的用法:
e.g.
1. The book cost $150. (這本書價值 150 元。)
2. The book cost me $150. (這本書花了我 150 元。)
3. It cost me $150 to but the book.
 
4. I paid $150 for the book. (我花了 150 元買這本書。)
 
5. Jeff spent NT$830 on the big dictionary.Jeff 830 元買這本大字典。)
6. They spend some time on the new motorcycle every day. (他們每天花一些時間在那部新機車上。)
7. Jeff spent NT$2000 writing his report.Jeff 2000 元寫他的報告。)
8. Mike spends one hour cleaning his house every week.Mike 每週花一個小時間打掃他的房子。)
 
9. Mr. Lin took three hours to get home last night.(林先生昨天晚上花三個小時才回到家。)
10. Getting home took Mr. Lin three hours last night.
11. The trip took her a month.(這趟旅行花了她一個月時間。)
想想看三:請依上、下文意,選出最適當答案。
1. Susan: This handbag looks beautiful. How much is it?
  Jean: I     $2,000 for it.
  (A) cost (B) paid (C) spent (D) took
2.     spent about an hour eating dinner in that pizza store.
  (A) Washing a car (B) A pound of beef (C) Mr. and Mrs. Wang (D) The nice trip
3. The house     the Nixon family more than 5 million NT dollars five years ago.
  (A) cost (B) paid (C) spent (D) took
4. Please drive the car carefully. I spent $860,000     it. You know it's a big money for a man like me.
 (A) in (B) at (C) for (D) on
5. Shannon: Did you see the watch while we window-shopped last night?
 Emily: Do you mean you're interested in it? It must     a lot.
  (A) cost (B) pay (C) spend (D) take
6. Mr. Wilson is very satisfied with the sculpture (雕像) which     him about five years to finish.
  (A) cost (B) paid (C) spent (D) took
7. Do you really want to go to the USA for your doctor degree (博士學位)? It'll     you at least three years.
  (A) cost (B) pay (C) spend (D) take
8. Steve's office is clean. He always gets to his office earlier and spends twenty minutes     it.
 (A) clean (B) cleaning (C) to clean (D) cleaned
9. It's not right for you to     the workers just a little money to make them do that hard work.
  (A) cost (B) pay (C) spend (D) take
10. It has taken more than one and half a years     his farm house.
 (A) build (B) building (C) to build (D) built
11. I've spent a whole day     the CD player, but it still can't work.
 (A) fix (B) fixing (C) to fix (D) fixed
12. Don't forget to prepare for your final test earlier. It     time.
  (A) costs (B) pays (C) spends (D) takes
13. If I were you, I wouldn't fix the car any more. It     money.
  (A) costs (B) pays (C) spends (D) takes
[ 想想看三 ]
想想看四:請將下列各句,翻譯成英文;請儘量試著依上述各種句型表和例句,寫出各種不同的表達方式。
1. Jeff 每天花十分鐘騎腳踏車到學校。

2. 那些花花了他六百元。

3. Iris 去年夏天花一個月的時間學習使用電腦。

4. 黃先生只付1,500元買他兒子的手機。

5. 這位仁慈的母親,每天都會花二個鐘頭幫她的女兒做功課。


情緒動詞和情緒形容詞(英文加強班)

情緒動詞和情緒形容詞:第五冊
標題句:The movie interests me.
    I'm interested in the movie.
    The movie is interesting to me.
結 構:情緒動詞及情緒形容詞

形容詞的使用早在第一冊中即已學過,就如:
1. He is a tall boy.
2. They are good books.
但分詞當形容詞用,卻是第一次聽到。在第一冊中,即已學過「現在分詞」(V-ing),它是用於進行式中:
3. He is watching TV.
4. They are
reading in the classroom.
5. Miss Lin is
driving her car.
6. The dog is
eating its lunch.
以上每一句的動作 watching, reading, driving, eating 均是由主詞「主動」做的,即使在第 6 句中的主詞是 the dog 也是一樣。從這些例子中,我們可以得到一個概念,即「V-ing 具有主動的含意」。
但在第五冊第一課中所介紹的「被動態」,句中所使用的是「過去分詞」:
7. The window was broken.
8. The book was
written by Mary Brown.
9. The car is
stopped by the policeman.
10. The question is
asked by them.
以上的四個句子中動詞 broken, written, stopped, asked 均不是由主詞所做,都是「被做」的,故我們可以說「過去分詞含有被動的含意」。
由以上的說明,我們可以得到底下的結論(從上面的例子歸納出的結論,很簡單,但卻很好用。)
現在分詞含有主動的含意
過去分詞含有被動的含意
1200字彙表中,可以加 -ing -ed,而作為形容詞用者有
現在分詞(V-ing
過去分詞(pp
boring 令人感到厭倦的
exciting
 令人感到興奮、刺激的
interesting
 令人感到有趣的;有趣的
surprising
 令人感到驚訝的
tiring
 令人感到疲倦的
touching
 令人感到同情的;引起憐憫的
bored 感到厭倦的
excited
 感到興奮、刺激的
interested
 感到有趣的
surprised
 感到驚訝的
tired
 感到疲倦的
touched
 感到同情的;受感動的
2000字彙表中,可以加 -ing -ed,而作為形容詞用者,又可增加了
現在分詞(V-ing
過去分詞(pp
confusing 令人感到迷糊的;令人弄不清楚的
embarrassing
  令人感到尷尬的
frightening
 令人感到害怕的
confused 感到迷糊的;弄不清楚的
embarrassed
  感到尷尬的
frightened
 感到害怕的
現在用幾個句子來說明所謂「主動」與「被動」的含意:
11. This is an interesting book to me.(這對我來說,是一本有趣的書。)
12. I am
interested in this book.(我對這本書感到有興趣。)
在第 11 句中,是書的內容本身即是有趣含有「主動」的意味,故用 interesting。但在第 12 句中,我是因為該書的內容,而「感到有興趣」,對我來說,是書影響,才「感到有趣」的,含有「被動」的意味,故用 interested
13. This was really an exciting game.(這真是一場精彩刺激的比賽。)
14. I was
excited about the game.(我對這場比賽感到興奮刺激。)
在第 13 句中,是比賽的內容本身即是精彩刺激含有「主動」的意味,故用 exciting。但在第 14 句中,我是因為該場比賽打得十分精彩,而「感到有興奮刺激」,對我來說,是比賽影響,才「感到興奮刺激」的,含有「被動」的意味,故用 excited
常見錯誤:從以上的兩組例句中,有人會誤認為「現在分詞」是用來形容「事物」,「過去分詞」是用來形容「人」,其實不然,那要看句中意思來決定:
15. John is a boring man.John 是個令人厭煩的人。)
16. We're all
bored with boring John.(我們都對惹人厭的 John 感到厭煩。)
17. Boring teachers make bored students.(令人感到厭煩的老師,會產生感到厭煩的的學生。)
在第 15 句中,John 這個人本身的談吐作為即是令人生厭含有「主動」的意味,故用 boring。但在第 16 句中,我們是因為那惹人厭的 John,而「感到厭煩的」,對我們來說,是 John影響,才「感到厭煩」的,含有「被動」的意味,故用 bored。這樣的比對在抄自 Michael Swan 所著的 Practical English Usage (Oxford: 1995) ,例句 17 中看得更明顯。
對初學者來說,要產生以上的「主動」和「被動」的認知,可能是件不容易的事,但還可以透過底下的歸類,而產生另外的概念:
想想看一:依上面兩個「現在分詞」、「過去分詞」對照表中,你是否看出,在左邊欄的現在分詞中文裡,都有哪些共同的字?

想想看二:在右邊的過去分詞欄裡,中文字都有哪些共同的字?

必須熟記的片語:這個部分可以說是分詞當詞形容詞用中,最令台灣學生感到困擾的事,經常弄錯,務必背熟。
1200字彙表範圍者:
be interested in ...
:對‧‧‧感興趣 (本片語的 interested
常忘記加 ed
be excited about ...
:對‧‧‧感到興奮
be surprised at ...
:對‧‧‧感到驚訝
be bored with ...
:對‧‧‧感到厭煩
be tired of ...
:對‧‧‧感到厭倦
2000字彙表範圍者:
be embarrassed at ...
:對‧‧‧感到尷尬
be confused about ...
:對‧‧‧弄不清楚
be frighted at ...
:對‧‧‧感到害怕
在學會了「現在分詞」、「過去分詞」當形容詞用後,還必須弄清楚這些「分詞」的「動詞」;在實際的考試題目裡,這些「分詞」常和它們的「動詞」混在一起出現,這也是造成學生在這一項上被扣分的原因之一,所以現在非得弄清楚這三個的不同和用法不可。現在就把屬1200字彙表的分詞和它們的動詞,再做一個表比較一下:
動詞(V
現在分詞(V-ing
過去分詞(pp
bore 使 ... 感到厭倦的
excite
 使 ... 感到興奮、刺激的
interest
 使 ... 感到有趣的
surprise
 使 ... 感到驚訝的
tire
 使 ... 感到疲倦的
trouble
 使 ... 感到苦惱的
boring 令人感到厭倦的
exciting
 令人感到興奮、刺激的
interesting
 令人感到有趣的;有趣的
surprising
 令人感到驚訝的
tiring
 令人感到疲倦的
troubling
 令人感到苦惱的
bored 感到厭倦的
excited
 感到興奮、刺激的
interested
 感到有趣的
surprised
 感到驚訝的
tired
 感到疲倦的
troubled
 感到苦惱的
想想看三:在這類字的「動詞」用法中,對照中文意思,都會有哪些字出現?

這三者之間的關係,我們可以用一個例子來說明:(這三句的內含意思,其實是一樣的。)
18. The book interests me.(這本書使感到有興趣;這本書引起了我的興趣。)
19. The book
is interesting to me.(這本書對我來說,令人感到有趣;這本書引起了我的興趣。)
20. I
am interested in the book.(我對這本書感到有興趣。)
從這三句的中英文對照,即可看到,記好上面的「動詞」、「現在分詞」、「過去分詞」表,應該可以協助你解決混淆問題。
想想看四:請依上、下文意,選出最適當的答案。
1. Chuck: Did you watch the tennis game between our school and Wanlai Junior High School yesterday? It was really    .
 Frank: Yes, we especially (尤其是) liked David. He was really a good player.
 (A) excites (B) exciting (C) excited
2. Mom: Why do you study English every day? Don't you have math or other subject homework?
 Son: Yes, I do. But I'm     in it, and I hope I can go to the USA some day.
 (A) interests (B) interesting (C) interested
3. (At the birthday party)
 Fanny: My dear Wendy, open it. It's for you.
 Wendy: (Open the box.) Wow! What a beautiful doll. It really     me.
 (A) surprises (B) surprising (C) surprised
4. Little John: Mom, can I not go to the music class?
 Mom: Why not? Isn't the teacher good enough?
 Little John: No. I just feel it is    .
 (A) bores (B) boring (C) bored
5. Father: Where's Tommy?
 Mother: He's sleeping in his room.
 Father: Sleeping? It's 9:30 now. Wake him up.
 Mother: He didn't go to bed until 2:30 this morning. He's too    .
 (A) tires (B) tiring (C) tired
6. Mr. Liu's girlfriend wants him to have lunch with her, but his boss wants him to go to Tainan on business now. To go or to stay? The problem     him.
 (A) troubles (B) troubling (C) troubled
事實上哪些句子要用「動詞」而不是「分詞」,並沒有想像中的難以辨別,只要看看含有空格的句子或子句裡,是否缺少「動詞」即可;若空格前沒有「動詞」,那這一格就一定是用「動詞」,若空格前已有「動詞」(例如已有 be),那這一格就一定是用「分詞」。但不要忘記,上述的六個練習題,都只有三個選項。
在實際上的考試中,每題的選項總是會有四個,而不是只有三個而已,所以若再加上第四個選項,那題目的難度就會提高,尤其是當句中的時間是「過去」,或「動名詞(V-ing)當主詞用」時:
想想看五:請依上、下文意,選出最適當的答案。
1. Walking too much will     you, too.
 (A) tire (B) tiring (C) tired (D) to tire
2. This morning Mr. Huang got a book, and he hopes it can     his son.
 (A) interest (B) interesting (C) interested (D) to interest
3. My favorite basketball team lost the game last Sunday, and it     me very much.
 (A) surprises (B) surprising (C) surprised (D) to surprise
4.     learners usually learn things more slowly. So, you have to cheer yourself up.
 (A) Bore (B) Boring (C) Bored (D) To Bore
5. Do you know asking you to do the work isn't     you? It's good for you, instead (相反地).
 (A) trouble (B) troubling (C) troubled (D) to trouble
6.     the star of longevity (壽星) at the birthday party is a trick but a lot of fun.
 (A) Surprise (B) Surprising (C) Surprised (D) Surprises
若把所有已學過的動詞形式都混在一起呈現,難度當然又是高了很多:
想想看六:請依上、下文意,選出最適當的答案。
1. Simon: Why does Tommy look so     today?
 Scott: Don't you know? He gets his first 100 on this English test. He never got more than 85 before.
 (A) excite (B) excited (C) exciting (D) to excite
2. Nancy practices     English as often as she could. She hopes she can pass the exam (考試) next month and go to England to study there.
 (A) speaking (B) spoke (C) to speak (D) speak
3. Molly and her brothers are planning     fishing on the weekend.
 (A) to go (B) will go  (C) are gone  (D) have gone
4. After Bruce finishes his work,     Mrs. Speakers that we will start to go to her house.
 (A) is calling (B) has called (C) will call (D) call
5. Arthur is a very     person. We always have a good time when we are together with him.
 (A) to interest (B) interests (C) interesting (D) interested
6. Before we leave, being sure that we     everything ready is important.
 (A) are getting (B) have got (C) are got (D) will get
7. Dick: I feel this program is    . How do you think, Elliot?
 Elliot: I agree with you. Why not turn off the TV and go out for bicycle riding?
 (A) bore (B) bores (C) boring (D) bored
8. They're going to go     for the big dinner. There will be nine people coming to our home tonight.
 (A) shop (B) shops (C) shopped (D) shopping
想想看七:再來一篇綜合練習,看看你是否能綜合應用?
Each of you shared the experience. When you  (1)  you would go to school, you got  (2) . The first day at school was usually  (3) , and when you went back home, your parents would ask you "Do you  (4)  a good time at school?", "Do you make any new friends?" or something else.
Time passed. You felt homework got more and more, and you had to spend more time  (5)  it. More and more classes or subjects became  (6) . Every time you  (7)  why you didn't like to study them, your answers were usually they were too hard. However, was it true? Of course not. You  (8)  much more time on TV or computer games than on your lessons.
Now you  (9) in Grade 9, and you will have an important test next year. Change yourself (你自己) from now. If (假如) you have any questions about your lessons,  (10)  your classmates or teachers, and they will help you. If you do so, good grades are always waiting for you.
1. (A) told (B) were telling (C) were told (D) had told
2. (A) excite
 (B) excited (C) exciting (D) to excite
3. (A) interest
 (B) interested (C) interesting (D) to interest
4. (A) have
 (B) has (C) had (D) will have
5. (A) do
 (B) does (C) to do (D) doing
6. (A) bore
 (B) bored (C) boring (D) to bore
7. (A) asked
 (B) to ask (C) have asked (D) were asked
8. (A) spend
 (B) spent (C) will spend (D) were spent
9. (A) is
 (B) are (C) were (D) was
10. (A) ask
 (B) will ask (C) have asked (D) asked
想想看八:試著將下列各句翻譯成英文。
1. Allen昨天開了一場令人驚奇的派對。

2. 你兒子對於這張照片,一點都沒興趣。

3. 為那場考試讀書,並不是件令人疲累的事。

4. Paul 的父母對於他的英語成績感到很驚訝嗎?

5. 在看完了那場緊張刺激的棒球賽之後,他感到很興奮。