2020年3月19日 星期四

國中第六冊英文文法1

間接問句的用法：

標題句：We still don't know when he left here.
　　　　May wants to know when to leave here.
結　構：Wh- 名詞子句（間接問句）
　　　　 Wh- 不定詞片語

一、間接問句：一個問句併入另一個句子中者，稱為間接問句。先觀察下列句子的變化。
1. a. 他是誰？（直接問句）
　b. 我不知道他是誰。（間接問句）（原本 a 句稱為直接問句，顯然這個句子是獨立的；但 b 句中的「他是誰」則明顯地是附屬於「我不知道 ...」的主要子句中，而成為間接問句。）
2. a. 你要什麼？（直接問句）
　b. 告訴我你要什麼。（間接問句）（和上例一樣，「你要什麼」在 b 句中是併入「告訴我 ...」的主要子句中, 而成為附屬的間接問句。）
3. a. 誰要這本書？（直接問句）
　b. 你知道誰要這本書嗎？（間接問句）（「誰要這本書」併入「你知道 ... 嗎？」主要子句中，而成為附屬的間接問句。）
分析以上三組的 b 句，均可發現其各可分為兩個部份：主要子句和附屬子句。
1b. 我不知道 　他是誰。
　(主要子句) (附屬子句)
2b. 告訴我 　　你要什麼。
　(主要子句) 　(附屬子句)
3b. 你知道 　誰要這本書 　嗎？
　(主要子句) (附屬子句)
這三個子句的附屬子句, 均是屬「名詞子句」性質，當作其前面動詞或介詞的受詞。將這三個句子譯成英文，注意由直接問句轉變為間接問句時，主詞與動詞的位置變化，例：
4.
a. Who is he?（直接問句）
b. I don't know who he is.（間接問句）
5.
a. What do you want?（直接問句）
b. Tell me what you want.（間接問句）── do不見了。
6.
a. Who wants the book?（直接問句）
b. Do you know who wants the book?（間接問句）
──本句中的 who 因已作為 wants 的主詞，故改為間接問句，其主詞和動詞的位置並沒有改變。
由上可歸納出，含有「間接問句」的句型概略為：
主要子句
疑問詞
主詞
(助動詞) + 動詞
‧‧‧
（註：助動詞若非是 do/does/did 等者，仍須保留。）
例：
7. I don't know where he is going.
8. He couldn't understand how this accident happened.
9. He tries to find out where the trouble is.
10. Do you know if （是否） he will come today?

間接問句後的標點符號：是句點呢？還是問號？這須視主要子句而定。亦即主要子句為肯定句或否定句時，則句尾為句點；主要子句為疑問句或否定疑問句時，則改用問號。例：
11.
a. Who is he?（直接問句）
b. I know.（主要子句─肯定句）
→ I know who he is.
12.
a. Why did he go?（直接問句）
b. I don't understand.（主要子句─否定句）
→ I don't understand why he went.
13.
a. Who is it?（直接問句）
b. Would you see?（主要子句─疑問句）
→ Would you see who it is?
▲在看了以上的說明之後，相信你應已學會「間接問句」的基本用法，但有一種特殊的情況，那就是若「直接問句」是沒有「疑問詞」的 yes-no 問句，那在合併句子時，又要如何處理？
例：
直接問句：Is he a student?（是為「沒有疑問詞」的 yes-no 問句）
主要子句：I don't know.
將上述兩句合併時，除了要將「直接問句」中的主詞和 be 回復成原來的「主詞 + be」的順序外，還必須要在「間接問句」前（即在「主要子句」後，加上「連接詞」 if/whether（是否）。所以合併上述兩短句後的長句是：
→ I don't know if he is a student. 或 I don't know whether he is a student.
想想看一：合併下列各句。
1. What are they talking about?
　I can't hear.

2. How did he go to Taipei?
　I have understood.

3. When will we start?
　We still don't know.

4. What are on the blackboard?
　Can you see?

5. What can't we do?
　The teacher teaches us.

6. Where does her child work?
　Have you known?

7. Is that man our new English teacher?
　Can you ask Mr. Wang?

8. Did Jack leave the town last night?
　Please tell me.


想想看二：翻譯下列各句。
1. 他不曉得他能夠去哪裡。

2. 你記得她幾歲嗎？

3. 告訴我們那場籃球比賽怎樣了。

4. John問他的哥哥為何他拿走了他的眼鏡。

5. 她有沒有說她何時要來？

6. 我不知道父親是否要和我們一起踢足球。

7. 你知道誰會在正確的時間到來？

8. 試著記住誰打開這扇門的。

9. 你可以問Tom, 他今天晚上是否要去超級市場。

10. 我已忘記我要在這家百貨公司買什麼了。



when 和 if 的麻煩事：其後是接「副詞子句」還是「名詞子句」？此種辨別尤其在未來式中，更顯其重要性。
1. when 和 if 當副詞子句的用法：when (當...時候)、if (假如)。例：
14.
a. (○) Tell him the truth when he comes tomorrow. (truth: 事實)
　　　　　　= When he comes tomorrow, tell him the truth.
　　　　　　（當他明天來的時候, 告訴他事實真相。）
b. (×) Tell him the truth when he will come tomorrow.
15.
a. (○) You can give him the money if he comes tomorrow.
　　　　　　= If he comes tomorrow, you can give him the money.
　　　　　　（假如他明天來的話, 你可以把這些錢給他。）
b. (×) You can give him the money if he will come tomorrow.
在 when, if, after, before 所引導的「副詞子句」中，若為未來時間時，則須用現在單純式代替未來式。
2. when 和 if 當名詞子句的用法: when(何時), if(是否)。例：
16.
a. (○) I know when he will come tomorrow.
　　　　　（我知道他明天何時會來。）
b. (×) I know when he comes tomorrow.
17.
a. (○) I don't know if he will come tomorrow.
　　　　　　（我不知道他明天是否會來。）
b. (×) I don't know if he comes tomorrow.
when 和 if 若引導一「名詞子句」，則其後的動詞時態與一般用法相同。
▲由上可知, when及if所引導的子句，究屬何種性質子句，由中文意思便可輕易判斷出，其結論如下：
(1) 若 when (當...的時候)、 if (假如)，則其後是接副詞子句。若其子句中動詞時間為未來，則須用現在單純式代替未來式。
(2) 若 when (何時)、 if (是否)，則其後是接名詞子句，其後動詞的時態與一般用法相同，亦即若時間為未來，則仍用未來式。

二、Wh- 不定詞片語：在含間接問句的句子中, 前後子句的主詞為同一人時，後面的間接問句中，可省略主詞，改為不定詞形式。注意以下句子的變化。例：
18.
a. I don't know what I must do.
b. → I don't know what to do.（我不知道該做什麼。）
19.
a. He couldn't remember how he went there.
b. → He couldn't remember how to go there.（他記不得如何去那裡了。）
20.
a. The students weren't told where they should go.
b. → The students weren't told where to go.（沒人告訴這些學生要去哪裡。）
21.
a. She'll tell you who you must ask.
b. → She'll tell you who to ask.（她將會告訴你要去問誰。）
適用於此種方式的疑問詞，除了以上 what, how, where 外，尚有 which, when, who, whether 等，唯獨沒有why。
記憶方法：
what to ask
（要問什麼）

which to ask
（要問哪一個）

who to ask
（要問誰）

how to ask
（要如何問）

where to ask
（哪裡問）

when to ask
（何時問）

whether to ask
（要不要問）
例：
22. The little animal did not know what to do.
23. I don't know how to make it.
24. You can ask the policeman over there where to go.
想想看三：應用上述的說法，翻譯下列各句。
1. 他已忘記如何回答這個問題了。

2. 你能否告訴我要做什麼？

3. 我不知道何時離開這裡。

4. 他告訴我該拿哪一本書。

5. Mary記不得該幫誰。

6. 我想要知道要去哪裡。


想想看四：請依上、下文意，選出最正確的答案。
1. We are never told when she 　　　 next season.
　(A) comes　(B) came　(C) will come　(D) is coming
2. Some students are discussing (討論) 　　　 course to take this school year.
　(A) what　(B) how　(C) when　(D) who
3. After hearing the good news about her son, Aunt Julia has forgotten what 　　　 going to do next.
　(A) is she　(B) she is　(C) will she　(D) she will
4. Brian's mother will give him a new bike if he 　　　 the important test next week.
　(A) passes　(B) passed　(C) will pass　(D) is passing
5. Do you know who 　　　 a hand for this difficult task (工作)?
　(A) are you going to give　(B) you are going to give　(C) you will give　(D) will give you
6. Harry is only fifteen years old. You shouldn't teach him 　　　 to drive a car.
　(A) what　(B) how　(C) which　(D) who

想想看一：合併下列各句。
1. I can't hear what they are talking about.
2. I have understood how he went to Taipei.
3. We still don't know when we will start.
4. Can you see what are on the blackboard?
5. The teacher teaches us what we can't do.
6. Have you known where her child works?
7. Can you ask Mr. Wang if/whether that man is our new English teacher?
8. Please tell me if/whether Jack left the town last night.
想想看二：翻譯下列各句。
1. 他不曉得他能夠去哪裡。
He doesn't know where he can go.
或 He didn't know where he could go.
2. 你記得她幾歲嗎？
Do you remember how old she is?
3. 告訴我們那場籃球比賽怎樣了。
Tell us how that/the basketball game is.
4. John問他的哥哥為何他拿走了他的眼鏡。
John asks his brother why he takes/took away his glasses.
5. 她有沒有說她何時要來？
Did/Does she say when she will come?
6. 我不知道父親是否要和我們一起踢足球。
I don't know if/whether Father will play soccer with us.
7. 你知道誰會在正確的時間到來？
Do you know who will arrive at the right time?
8. 試著記住誰打開這扇門的。
Try to remember who opens the door.
9. 你可以問Tom, 他今天晚上是否要去超級市場。
You can ask Tom if/whether he will go to the supermarket tonight.
10. 我已忘記我要在這家百貨公司買什麼了。
I have forgotten what I will buy at this/the department store.


想想看三：翻譯下列各句。
1. 他已忘記如何回答這個問題了。
He has forgotten how to answer this/the question.
2. 你能否告訴我要做什麼？
Can/Could you tell me what to do?
3. 我不知道何時離開這裡。
I don't know when to leave here.
4. 他告訴我該拿哪一本書。
He tells/told me which book to take.
5. Mary記不得該幫誰。
Mary doesn't remember who to help.
6. 我想要知道要去哪裡。
I want to know where to go.
想想看四：請依上、下文意，選出最適當的答案。
1
2
3
4
5
6
C
A
B
A
D
B


張貼者： 於 沒有留言:

2020年3月12日 星期四

B4 U1 GRAMMAR

Unit 1
1. ...and S + Aux/be, too. → ...and so + Aux/be + S.
...and S + Aux/be + not, either. → ...and neither + Aux/be + S.
說明 此為將too「也」或not...either「也不」的句子代換成以so或neither為首的句型。so或neither置於句首時，後面的主詞和動詞須倒裝，即先寫助動詞或be動詞再寫主詞。
例句 1. My friend Ellie is normally a polite person, and I am, too.
→ My friend Ellie is normally a polite person, and so am I.
(我的朋友Ellie通常是一個有禮貌的人，而我也是。)
2. I didn't enjoy our talk, and she didn't, either.
→ I didn't enjoy our talk, and neither did she.
(我不享受我們的談話，而她也不。)
3. I am not interested in math, and my sister isn't, either.
→ I am not interested in math, and neither is my sister.
(我對數學不感興趣，我的妹妹也沒興趣。)
練習 1. Mr. Nolan is a very hard­working man, and his employees are, too.
→ Mr. Nolan is a very hard­working man, and so are his employees.                                                                
2. I haven't started packing for my trip to Japan, and my sister hasn't, either.
→ I haven't started packing for my trip to Japan, and neither has my sister.       

2. have no choice but + to V
說明 此句型用來表示「別無選擇只好……，不得不……」之意，but後須接不定詞(to V)。
例句 1. Finally, I had no choice but to leave her alone with her smartphone.
(最後，我別無選擇只好不打擾她和她的智慧型手機。)
2. Because of the heavy rain, we had no choice but to cancel the baseball game.
(由於這場大雨，我們不得不取消棒球賽。)
3. My mother had no choice but to throw away the meat that has turned bad.
(我母親別無選擇只好把變質的肉丟掉。)
練習 1. Helen不小心把她的咖啡打翻了，所以她不得不再買一杯。
Helen accidentally spilled her coffee, so she had no   choice   but   to     
buy   another one.
2. Betty拒絕了Peter的電影邀約，所以他別無選擇只好自己去看電影。
Betty rejected Peter's movie invitation, so he had no   choice   but   to 
  go   to the movies alone.

3. be + busy + V­ing/with + N
說明 busy後面接動名詞(V­ing)用來表示「忙於……(做某事)」。如果要接名詞則可用介系詞with。
例句 1. She kept using her smartphone and was busy exchanging instant messages with others.　(她不停地使用她的智慧型手機和忙著和別人交換即時訊息。)
2. Mandy is busy preparing for the badminton game next week.
(Mandy忙著為了下週的羽球比賽準備。)
3. Nancy has been busy with her history report lately.
(Nancy近來正忙著做她的歷史報告。)
練習 1. Kevin忙著清理他的書桌。
Kevin is   busy     cleaning     up   his desk.
2. Woods先生最近非常忙於工作。
Mr. Woods has been very   busy     with   his work lately.

4. S + V..., which....
說明 關係代名詞which可以用來補充說明前面子句指的事情，which前要加逗點，且不可用that替代。
例句 1. When you snub someone, you ignore him or her, which often upsets that person.　(當你冷落一個人時，你忽視他或她，這常常使那個人不高興。)
2. Frank asked Nancy out on a date, which made Rachel very jealous.
(Frank邀Nancy和他約會，這使得Rachel非常忌妒。)
3. Wendy won first prize in the singing competition, which made her mother proud.　(Wendy在歌唱比賽中得了第一名，這使她母親引以為傲。)
練習 1. Gary兩分鐘就把詩背起來，讓人印象深刻。
Gary memorized the poem in two minutes, which was impressive/impressed many people. 
2. Sally昨晚熬夜，這就為什麼她今天早上感到如此疲倦。
Sally stayed up (late) last night, which is why she felt so tired this morning.      

5. due to + N
說明 1. due to為介系詞片語，表示「由於……」，後面須接名詞或名詞片語，可置於句首或句中，置於句首時須加逗點隔開。
2. due to也可以用owing to、because of等介系詞片語替換。
例句 1. Due to their smartphone addiction, many people can no longer appreciate things in their actual environment.
(由於他們對智慧型手機上癮，很多人不再懂得欣賞在他們真實環境中的事物。)
2. Owing to the typhoon, all flights to Los Angeles were delayed.
(所有飛往洛杉磯的班機都由於颱風而延遲了。)
3. Mr. Frost retired early because of his poor health.
(由於健康狀況不佳，Frost先生很早就退休了。)
練習 1. 由於油價高漲，許多人偏好搭乘大眾運輸。
D  Due     to   the rise in oil prices, many people prefer to take public transportation.
2. 這個方案由於缺乏財力資助而被取消了。

The project has been cancelled o  owing     to   lack of financial support.
實力評量
I. 選擇題：依據下列各題句意，選出一個最符合語法的答案。
(　) 1. ________ a walk along the river, we heard a cry for help.
(A) Take        (B) To take        (C) Taking                  (D) To taking
(　) 2. I often stay at home on weekends, and ________ does my husband.
(A) too                    (B) so                        (C) either                   (D) neither
(　) 3. Monica can never be a good cook, and ________ can I.
(A) so                     (B) neither                 (C) too                       (D) either
(　) 4. Grace jumped with joy ________ she heard the good news.
(A) as long as         (B) as much as           (C) as soon as            (D) as well as
(　) 5. Taking care of a baby ________ a lot of hard work.
(A) require              (B) requires               (C) requiring              (D) to require
(　) 6. ________ no money, Jack started to steal.
(A) Have                (B) Had                     (C) To have               (D) Having
(　) 7. Tommy lay on the bed, ________ to music.
(A) listen                (B) listened               (C) listening              (D) and listening
(　) 8. The kind man got off his car, ________ the old lady cross the road.
(A) helping             (B) helped                 (C) helps                    (D) help
(　) 9. Listening to English songs ________ a good way to learn English.
(A) to be                 (B) be                        (C) are                       (D) is
(　) 10. As soon as Bill ________ paid, he will return the money to you.
(A) got                  (B) get                       (C) gets                     (D) will get

II. 改錯：挑出語法有誤的選項，並加以改正。
(　) ____________ 1. Polly didn’t do well on the test, and neither didn’t I.
                            (A)    (B)           (C)   (D)
(　) ____________ 2. Tina stared at the night sky, looked for the brightest star.
                           (A)            (B)  (C)     (D)
(　) ____________ 3. Finished the homework, Johnny started to play computer
                    (A)                       (B)   (C)
games.
     (D)
(　) ____________ 4. As soon as I will arrive at the airport, I will call you.
                         (A)    (B)  (C)            (D)
(　) ____________ 5. Singing in front of many people are never easy for me.
                    (A)     (B)              (C)         (D)

III. 引導式翻譯：每格限填一字。
1. 向你所愛的人道歉需要有很大的勇氣。
________ to your loved ones t________ a lot of courage.
2. 魔杖一斷掉，咒語就失靈了。
________ ________ ________ the magic wand was broken, the spell couldn’t work.
3. Brenda還沒找到她的真命天子，我也還沒。
Brenda has not found her Mr. Right, ________ ________ ________ I.
4. 男子抓住他受傷的腿，痛苦地尖叫著。
The man grabbed his wounded leg, ________ in pain.
5. 在街上巧遇我失聯已久的朋友時，我給了她一個大大的擁抱。
R________ ________ my long-lost friend on the street, I gave her a big hug.

張貼者： 於 沒有留言:
訂閱： 文章 (Atom)