2019年8月7日 星期三

Book 2 Unit 4: Fast Food or Fatty Food? (I)


Unit 4: Fast Food or Fatty Food? (I)

Reading
1

  現今,速食風靡全球,並有許多人非常喜愛。然而,根據一項研究報告,每週吃超過兩次速食的人要比每週吃不到一次的人更容易變胖。另一項研究則顯示,小小年紀就開始吃油膩食物的兒童更有可能變得不健康。
[Question] What may happen if children start to eat fast food at an early age?
[Answer] According to a study, children who _____________________________
        ________________________________________________.
[1-1] these days = today = nowadays = the present (day),表示「現今,當今」。例:
__________________________________________________________________
現今,許多人無法離開網路生活。
[1-2] ...people [who eat fast food more than twice a week]...those [who eat it less than once a week].  
(1) who eat...a weekwho eat it...a week均為限定用法的關係子句,分別修飾先行
   peoplethose
(2) more than為「超過」之意,可用over代換。例:
Susan has been studying French for ________ ________ ten years.
 Susan學習法語已經超過十年了。
    (3) those who... = people who...,表示「……的人們」,指稱一般的狀態;those為指
       示代名詞,在此作先行詞,被who所引導的關係子句修飾。例:
__________________________________________________________________
   違反校規的人會被處罰。
[1-3] ...at an early age are more likely to become unhealthy.
     at/from an early age = at a very young age,表示「在/從很小的時候」。例:
    
____________________________________________________________________
  Wilson從很小的時候就開始彈鋼琴。


2

以下為食用速食會如何損害身體健康的真實案例。在2003年,美國獨立製片導演摩根‧史柏路克做了一個有趣但令人震驚的實驗。為了找出速食如何影響人體的健康,史柏路克連續30天都在麥當勞吃三餐。在食用了一個月的奶昔、漢堡和薯條後,他發現他的體重增加了大約11公斤。他也開始飽受肝臟損害及嚴重情緒波動的折磨。之後,史柏路克將他的飲食經驗拍成一部名為《麥胖報告》的電影。由於越來越多亞洲人食用速食,《麥胖報告》這部電影他們應該要看。
[Question] Why did Spurlock eat three meals a day at McDonald’s for one month?
[Answer] He did this to _______________________________________________.
[2-1] [Here is a real example of how eating fast food can damage one’s health].
(1) 此為here置於句首的倒裝句構。
文法一點通
Here/There + be/V + S
這是以地方副詞為首的倒裝句型,句中的主詞與動詞須倒裝;但若主詞為代名詞時,主詞和動詞則不須倒裝。例:
________________________________________________
這是你要的票。
There it is.
(2) how eating fast food...health為間接問句用法,故須用直述句語序。
[2-2] To find out [how fast food would affect...].
(1) To = In order to
,表示「為了」之意。
(2) how fast food...是由疑問詞how引導的間接問句,作find out的受詞。
[2-3] ...a movie [which was called Super Size Me].
(1) which was called Super Size Me
為限定用法的關係子句,修飾先行詞a movie
(2) A be called B表示「A被稱為B」之意。例:
__________________________________________________________________
         Kate的寵物貓被叫做Taffy
[2-4] Since more and more people in Asia....
(1) since在此為表原因的從屬連接詞,可用asbecause替換。例:
________ you are free, why not go hiking with us?
         既然你有空,為何不跟我們去健行?
   (2) more and more...表示「越來越多的……」,後面可接可數或不可數名詞。例:
__________________________________________________________________
   如今越來越多人成了樂活的支持者了。
補充
表達「越來越少」的情況則有下列區別:
less and less + 不可數名詞
fewer and fewer + 複數可數名詞
Because it didn’t rain a lot, people could use ________ ________ ________
water.
因為沒下什麼雨,人們能用的水越來越少。
_______________________________________________________________
那間餐廳的食物不好,所以越來越少顧客上門用餐。



3
  雖然所有鼎鼎大名的速食業者麥當勞、肯德基、漢堡王都來自美國,但比起美國人,現今有更多的亞洲人在這些速食餐廳用餐。有個重要的理由解釋為何速食在亞洲如此受歡迎。現今許多亞洲人忙於學業及工作,所以他們很少在家用餐。他們選擇吃速食是因為它可輕易取代自製餐點。然而,不像大部分的亞洲食物,麥當勞等餐廳所販售的食物含有過多的鹽分及油脂。因此,有越來越多的亞洲人變胖。在台灣,至少有百分之三十的兒童每週吃一次速食,且有超過百分之二十五的兒童超重。
[Question] Why is fast food so popular in Asia?  
[Answer] Today, many Asians are ________ ________ work, so they ________ eat at home. They choose to eat fast food to replace homemade meals.
[3-1] ...are busy with school and work....
     be busy with + N = be busy + V­ing,表示「忙於……」之意。例:
    While my mother is ________________________________, ________________ my homework.
當我媽媽忙著煮晚餐時,我正忙著寫回家作業。
[3-2] ...a lot more salt and fat.  
     a lot表示「更加」之意,用來修飾比較級,強調比較的程度。例:
    Karen’s younger brother is _____________________________________________.
Karen的弟弟比她更重。
[3-3] As a result, more and more Asians are getting fat.  
as a result = therefore = thus,作「因此」解,為表示因果關係的副詞片語。例:
Judy forgot to water the flowers, and ________ ________ ________, they died.
       Judy忘了澆花,因此,它們都枯萎了。


4
  有沒有任何方法可以阻止這種食用高油脂食物的趨勢呢?有些顧客抱怨速食讓他們變胖。他們認為他們應該被警告關於速食對健康所造成的風險。這些抱怨或許能迫使速食餐廳在菜單上做一些改變。事實上,許多速食餐廳現在開始在菜單上標示卡路里。它們甚至供應沙拉及新鮮水果以吸引更多的客人。或許現在是大家減少油膩食物,開始健康飲食的好時機。
[Question] Do fast-food restaurants make changes because of the customers’ complaints?
[Answer] Yes, many fast-food restaurant now list ________ ________ on their
menus and even offer __________________________________ attract
more customers.
[4-1] ...fast food makes them fat.
文法一點通
make + O + OC (Adj/N)
make 為不完全及物動詞,接了受詞後,後面還需接形容詞或名詞作受詞補語,表示「使……覺得/成為……」。例:
_______________________________________________________________
Percy粗魯的行為令爸爸生氣。
_______________________________________________________________
  這部動作片使這位年輕演員成為巨星。
[4-2] ...make some changes to their menus.
     make a change to sth表示「改變某物」。例:
_______________________________________________________________
   Vera 在交出報告之前,改了一些地方。
[4-3] Maybe it’s time for everyone to cut down on fatty food....  
(1) ...it’s time for everyone....
文法一點通
it’s time (for sb) to V/for N 
(某人)……的時候了
Hurry up! ________________________________
快點!是時候該走了。
It’s time ________ dinner.
  是吃晚餐的時候了。
(2) cut down on 「減少,削減」之意。例: 
_______________________________________________________________
     醫生要求病人少喝酒抽菸。

Book 2 Unit 3: The Last Runner (I)


Unit 3: The Last Runner (I)

Reading
1
2
  在我居住的小鎮,一年一度的馬拉松賽跑非常盛行。有一年,我加入馬拉松醫療團隊。我的工作就是要在救護車裡跟隨這些跑者,在他們需要的時候給予醫療協助。
        有一百位跑者參與這場賽跑。「記得要開慢一點,」當我們開始往前移動時,我這樣告訴救護車駕駛,「因為我們應該要待在最後一位跑者後面。」
[Question]What was the narrator’s job in the race?
[Answer] The narrator’s job ________________________________________ and
         ________________________________.
[1-1] My job was [to follow the runners in an ambulance and give them medical treatment if they needed it].
(1) 此為不定詞片語當主詞補語的用法,用來說明主詞的內容。例:
Karen’s dream ___________________________ after she graduates from college.      
Karen的夢想是大學畢業後出國念書。
(2) ...if they needed it.
   這裡的if子句屬於直說語氣的條件子句,表示假設情況有可能發生,因在過去
   時間發生,故用過去式;教師可提醒學生,此句不是與現在事實相反的假設語
   氣。
[2-1] “Remember to drive slowly,” I told the ambulance driver as we began moving forward....
(1) remember + to V 表示「記得要……(表動作尚未發生)」,而remember + V­ing
則是「記得已經……(表動作已發生過)」。例:
__________________________________________________________________
  離開房間後記得要關燈。
I remember _______________________________________________________.
 我記得一個小時前看到Toby走出辦公室。
(2) as在此為連接詞,表示「當……的時候」,意義等同whenwhile。例:
   ________ Joan was doing her homework, her brother came home.
   Joan在做作業時,她哥哥回家了。

3

當速度最快的跑者們身影消失在遠方時,我注意到一位移動非常緩慢的參賽者。我立刻就知道她會是我們的最後一位跑者。她的兩腳都向內彎曲,但是她的左膝卻往外彎。她的雙腿是如此彎曲以至於她連走路可能都有困難。參加馬拉松賽跑對她來說一定更加艱難。
[Question] Why would it be difficult for the last runner to run a marathon?
[Answer] It would be difficult for her to run a marathon because ____________
        ____________________________________________.
[3-1] Her legs were so bent that it was probably difficult for her to walk.
(1) so + Adj/Adv + that...為「如此……以至於……」之意。例:
It was ___________________________________________________________.
 天氣是如此地冷以至於我們決定待在家。
Alan studied _______________________________________________________.
 Alan如此地用功以至於他在期末考取得不錯的成績。
     (2) ...it was probably difficult for her to walk.
文法一點通
It + be + Adj + for sb + to V....
it為虛主詞,代替後面真正的主詞to V。例:
________________________________________________________________
每天吃早餐對學生來說很重要。
[3-2] run a marathon.
     run/take part in a marathon為「跑/參加馬拉松」之意。例:
    
More than __________________________________________________________.
  明天將會有超過兩千人跑馬拉松。

4
5
  當她艱難地一點一點往前進時,我跟救護車駕駛沉默又驚訝地看著。我們慢慢地開在她身後。每次她停下來,我們也會停下來,然後等她繼續前進。不久後,她成為視線所及的最後一位跑者了。我們繼續跟在她後面,而她所展現出來的強烈決心讓我感動落淚。在馬拉松賽程的最後幾英里,她有時候還是會停下來,但是又繼續用緩慢、堅定的方式向前移動。
[Question] How did the narrator feel when he/she watched her running?  
[Answer] The narrator watched ________ silence, and her strong determination ____________________________________.
[4-1] Every time she stopped, we would just stop and wait for her to continue.
(1) every time為連接詞,表示「每次,每當」,相當於whenever之意。例:
__________________________________________________________________
         每次Lesley感到難過,她就吃巧克力。
(2) wait for sb/sth to V表示「等待某人或某事……。例:
The children are ________ excitedly ____________________________________.
         孩子們正興高采烈地期待暑假的到來。
[4-2] Before long, she was the very last runner in sight.
(1) before long = soon ,為「不久」之意。例:
My cousin told me he would visit me ________ ________.
         我的表哥跟我說他不久後會來拜訪我。
(2) the very後面可搭配firstlastsameown或最高級bestlatestworst等字以
   加強語氣,表示「最為……,極其……」。例:
It is interesting that _________________________________________________.
         我的好友和我的出生日期完全一樣,這真是有趣。
__________________________________________________________________
         這些貧困的人們居住在極其惡劣的環境之下。
[5-1] (every) once in a while = from time to time = sometimes,表示「有時候」之意。例:
     Peter studies in the library ________ ________ ________ ________, but he  
usually studies at home.
       Peter有時候會在圖書館讀書,但他通常都在家讀書。

6
  幾個小時後,我們終於抵達了終點線。大部分人群早已回家。然而,就在終點線那裡站了一位仍然在等待這名最後跑者的男人。他非常驕傲地看著她。他的左手拿著紙緞帶的一端,而緞帶的另一端則是繫在柱子上。非常緩慢地,女跑者越過了終點線,像勝利的跑者一樣將緞帶截斷成兩半。
[Question] Who stood at the finish line?
[Answer] A man who _________________________________________________.
He looked very ________ ________ her.
[6-1] In his left hand was one end of a paper ribbon, and the other end was fastened to a post.
(1) the other表示「另一……」,當人、事、物明確只有兩者時,先提到的用one
指稱,後提到的則用the other指稱。例:
One of my parents likes outdoor activities, while ________ ________ just enjoys
staying at home.
         我的父母其中一位喜歡戶外活動,但另一位卻只喜歡待在家。
(2) A be fastened to B表示「A被繫在B上」。例:
The dog that was ________ ________ the tree kept barking.
          那隻被繫在樹旁的狗不斷地吠。
[6-2] ...broke the ribbon into two pieces....
     break sth into pieces表示「使……碎裂成片」。例:
George dropped the plate and ________ it ________ several pieces.   
   George把盤子弄掉了,碎成好幾塊。

7
  我從未得知這名女子的名字,但是從那時候開始,她改變了我面對人生挑戰的態度。對她而言,這場馬拉松目的不是要在賽跑比賽中贏得第一名,而是將她開始進行的事情完成,即使它可能很艱難。現在,當我覺得事情太困難或是太費時的時候,我便會想起那位令人讚嘆的女性,那「最後一位跑者」。然後,我便了解自己的問題是多麼微不足道。
[Question] In the narrator’s opinion, what does the marathon mean to the last runner?
[Answer] For her, the marathon was not about _____________________________
______________ but _______________________________.
[7-1] ...since then, she has changed my attitude toward challenges in life.  
(1) since then為「since + 過去某個時間點」的用法,表示「從過去某個時間點持
續到現在的動作或狀態」,因此句子的時態多用現在完成式。例:
I met Terry five years ago. ________ ________, we have been good friends.
         我五年前見到Terry。從那時起,我們就是好朋友。
(2) attitude toward/to sth/sb意指「對於……的態度」。例:
__________________________________________________________________
         雖然Eddie非常貧窮,但他對人生仍然抱持正面的態度。
[7-2] about為介系詞,表示「目的是……,為了……」之意,後接名詞或動名詞。例:
For me, work is not ________ making money. It is about self-worth.
  對我來說,工作不是為了賺錢,是為了自我的價值。
[7-3] It was about finishing something [that she had started]....
    (1) it是指前一句提到的the marathon
    (2) that she had started
為限定用法的關係子句,修飾先行詞something。要特別注意
       的是,因先行詞為不定代名詞something,故that不可用which取代。
[7-4] ...I think of that amazing woman, the “last runner.”
(1) think of為「想起,想到」之意。例:
I remembered meeting that girl the other day, but ______________________ _______________.
         我記得前幾天看過那個女孩,但我無法想起她的名字。
(2) the last runnerthat amazing woman的同位語。
[7-5] ...I realize [how small my own problems really are].
    此為疑問詞how引導的間接問句,作realize的受詞。例:
__________________________________________________________________
  Danny已經了解他有多麼的幸運擁有一個快樂的家庭。