文法講座 22~24

 

文法講座二十二：使役動詞

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使役動詞有：let、have、make、get。意思都是「使」或「讓」或「叫」。
但這四個使役動詞意思上略有細微差別：

·                  let：讓某人做他想做的事。

·                  make：強迫某人 / 叫某人做事(尤其是做他不想做的事)。且也可用 make + N + adj的寫法，如：這個壞消息讓我很傷心。This bad news makes me sad.

·                  have：賦予某人責任 / 叫某人做事。

·                  get：說服 / 叫某人做事。

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·                  使役動詞的使用方式：

 

「Let + O + be p.p. (過去分詞)」主要是用在「祈使句的被動語態」，使用頻率不高，建議直接用「祈使句」表達，或將 let 換成 make/ get/ have，這樣的用法較符合習慣用語。
[例句] 請修正你的錯誤。

（祈使句） Please correct your mistakes.
（let 被動） Let your mistakes be corrected.
（使役動詞） Please have your mistakes corrected.

·                  [例句] 我不想去補習，但我媽叫我去。

I don’t want to go to cram school, but my mom makes me go.
I don’t want to go to cram school, but my mom has me go.
I don’t want to go to cram school, but my mom gets me to go. 

使役動詞 “makes/ has” 加受詞 “me”，因受詞能執行 “go to cram school” 這動作，故搭配 go (V原)。使役動詞 “gets” 加受詞 “me”，因受詞能執行 “go to cram school”這動作，故搭配 to go (to V原)。

·                  [例句] 他叫兩個護士照顧這個生病的男孩。

He had two nurses take care of this sick boy.
= He got two nurses to take care of the sick boy.

他讓生病的男孩被兩個護士照顧。

He had the sick boy taken care of by two nurses.

第一句，使役動詞 “had” 加受詞 “two nurses”，因受詞可執行 “take care of” 這動作，故搭配 take (V原)。使役動詞 “got” 加受詞 “two nurses”，因受詞可執行 “take care of” 這動作，故搭配to take (to V原)。第二句，使役動詞 “had” 加受詞 “the sick boy”，因受詞無法執行 “take care of” 這動作，故搭配 taken (p.p.)。

·                  請選出正確的句子：

A. Mom thinks computer games are a waste of time, so she won’t let us to play them.
B. With a little smooth talk, she got her husband mop the floor for her.
C. That she won the first prize made everyone surprised.
D. The teacher made her students use a dictionary while they were taking the English test.
答案：C

A 選項：媽媽認為打電動浪費時間，所以她不讓我們打電動。
使役動詞 “let” 後面加受詞 “us”，因受詞可執行 “play computer games” 這動作，故應搭配 play (V原)，而非 to V原。

B 選項：好言拜託後，她說動丈夫幫她擦了地板。
使役動詞 “got” 加受詞 “her husband”，因受詞能執行 “mop the floor” 這動作，故應搭配 to mop (to V原)，而非V原。

C 選項，句子結構分析如下：
她得第一名這件事讓每個人都很驚訝。
That she won the first prize made  everyone surprised.
[that子句放句首當主詞]  [動詞] [受詞]   [形容詞]
本題考點為「使役動詞 make + N + adj」的用法。

D 選項：老師讓他的學生考英文時使用字典。
使役動詞 made 的確切意思為強迫某人做他不想做的事。但考英文時可用字典，絕不會是學生們不想做的事，因此建議將使役動詞 made 改成使役動詞let，因 let 意指「讓某人做他想做的事」。

 

 

 

文法講座二十三：把 A 看成 / 描述 B

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·                  常用的「把 … 描述為 …」的片語有：

portray / depict / describe + 受詞 + as + 受詞補語
[例句] 人們將麥可傑克遜描繪成流行之王。

[主動寫法] People describe Michael Jackson as the King of Pop.
[被動寫法] Michael Jackson is described as the King of Pop.

·                  常用的「視…為…」片語，且搭配介係詞 “as”的有：

1. view/ take/ regard/ see/ deem / perceive + 受詞 + as + 受詞補語。
2. think of / refer to/ look upon +受詞 + as + 受詞補語。
[例句] 許多人將凱特摩斯的美視為是經典永恆的代表。

[主動寫法] Many people regard Kate Moss’s beauty as timeless.
[被動寫法] Kate Moss’s beauty is regarded as timeless.

[主動寫法] Many people refer to Kate Moss’s beauty as timeless.
[被動寫法] Kate Moss’s beauty is referred to as timeless.

·                  常用的「視…為…」片語，且搭配 “to be”，但“to be”可省的有：

think / consider + 受詞 + ( to be ) + 受詞補語。
[例句] 許多人將凱特摩斯的美視為是經典永恆的代表。

[主動寫法] Many people consider Kate Moss’s beauty (to be) timeless.
[被動寫法] Kate Moss’s beauty is considered (to be) timeless. 

受詞就是「名詞」，故補充說明受詞的「受詞補語」，多半是「名詞」或「形容詞」。

·                  常用的「視…為…」句型中，搭配虛受詞 “it” 的有：
think/ consider + it + 受詞補語 + to V原。
或 think / consider + it +受詞補語 + that 子句。
句子中的 to V原 或 that 子句都是用來補充說明 it 代替哪件事。

[例句] 我認為追求夢想是很重要的。

I think it important to pursue my dreams.
I consider it important that I pursue my dreams.

·                  請選出正確的句子：

A. My parents think my nanny not as an employee but more as a friend.
B. Great white sharks are referred as the most fearsome predators.
C. We regard it important providing our kids with love, care and support.
D. In modeling business, 30 is often considered old.
解答：D

A 選項考點為：think of + my nanny (受詞) + as + an employee (受詞補語)。應再 think 後補上 of 才是正確寫法。且「not A but B」意指「不是 A 而是 B」。A 選項意思為：我爸媽沒把我的保母看成他們的員工，而是將她視為他們的朋友。

B 選項，考點為：refer to + 受詞 + as + 受詞補語。改成被動寫法為：are referred to as + 受詞補語；原主動語法的受詞已成為被動句的主詞。應在 referred 後補上 to 才是正確寫法。B 選項意思為：大白鯊被視為最可怕的掠食者。

C 選項，搭虛受詞 it 的句型有兩種：
(1)  think / consider + it + 受詞補語 + to V原。
(2) think / consider + it + 受詞補語 + that 子句。
故 C 選項應改成：我們將給予孩子們愛、照顧和支持視為重要的事。
We think / consider it important to provide our kids with love, care, and support.
We think / consider it important that we provide our kids with love, care, and support.

D 選項考點為：consider + 受詞 + ( to be ) + 受詞補語。改成被動寫法為：is considered + (to be) + 受詞補語；原主動語法的受詞已成為被動句的主詞。D 選項意思為：在模特兒界，30 歲常被視為老模。

 

 

 

文法講座二十四：連接詞 / 介係詞「因為」；連接詞 「所以」

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用來說明「因果關係」的連接詞和介系詞條列如下：

·                  常用的連接詞「因為」有：because、 for、as、since，後方須連接句子，句子的基本條件為「主詞 + 動詞」。

·                  常用的介系詞「因為」有：because of、as a result of、on account of、due to、 owing to，後方須搭配名詞。

·                  常用的連接詞「所以」有：so，後方須連接句子，句子的基本條件為「主詞 + 動詞」。

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使用這些連接詞和介系詞時須注意的事項：

·                  because / for / as / since 後搭配事情發生的「原因」，而 so 後面搭配「結果」。

·                  連接詞「因為」和連接詞「所以」不能連用，如：用了because，就不可用so，反之亦然。

·                  連接詞 so 不可放句首。

·                  連接詞 because / as / for / since 放句首時需打逗點。

例句：因為愛你，所以我願意替你做任何事。
            (「愛你」是原因，「願意做」是結果。)

(Ｏ) I am willing to do anything for you because I love you.
(Ｏ) I love you so I am willing to do anything for you.
(Ｘ) Because I love you, so I am willing to do anything for you.
       (because 和 so 應二擇一)
(Ｘ) I am willing to do anything for you because of I love you.
       (because of 為介係詞，後方應搭配「名詞」。because of love 才正確。)
(Ｘ) I am willing to do anything for you due to love you.
       (due to 為介係詞，後方應搭配「名詞」。due to love 才正確。)

連接詞「since」除了有「因為…」的意思，也可用在「完成式」，表「自從…」，詳細用法請參考文法講座十八。

Reading Smart B: Unit 45

 Section 2---Unit 45 Food and Health

Waging a War on Food Waste

We all know that food should never go to waste. However, despite our good intentions, as much as two billion tons of it ends up in the trash.

Considering that nearly one billion people worldwide are either starving or hungry, this figure is shocking. What is perhaps more shocking is that every one of these mouths could be fed using less than a quarter of the food that is wasted in the United States and in Europe alone!

How is so much food wasted each year? Some foods may be lost in production due to pests or poor transportation and storage practices. Damaged or imperfect-looking fruits and vegetables may be thrown out since most supermarkets won't buy them.

Of the items that do make it to the market, many will go bad while sitting on the shelf. Once bought and placed in the fridge at home, a certain amount of food will rot because of improper meal planning. Then, there is food that might get prepared but ends up being tossed away when our bellies are full.

To help deal with the problem of food waste, a number of improvements need to be made. In developing countries, the problem lies mainly in production. By improving harvesting, processing, storage, and transportation methods, people can save millions of tons of food each year.

In the developed world, the issue comes down to raising awareness. In the United States, for example, restaurants account for around 15 percent of all food waste. Certain restaurants have begun offering smaller portions and are encouraging diners to take home their leftovers.

In a world with limited land, water, and energy, we need to pay more attention to the issue of food waste. With our ever-increasing population, it's time to stop wasting food and start taking action!

Reading Comprehension

(   ) 1. According the passage, what is a shocking fact about food?

(A) The planet will probably run out of food in the next one hundred years.

(B) Restaurants in the United States account for one quarter of all food waste.

(C) Less than 25 percent of the food wasted in the United States and Europe could feed every starving or hungry person.

(D) Two billion go hungry every single day.

(   ) 2. What is one reason that so much food gets wasted each year?

(A) It's too expensive to store food.

(B) There isn't enough water to grow all the crops.

(C) It gets lost during the production process.

(D) It doesn't get harvested in time.

(   ) 3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to deal with the problem of food waste?

(A) Countries should improve harvesting and processing.

(B) People should eat out rather than eat in to avoid improper meal planning.

(C) Restaurants should serve smaller portions of food.

(D) We should pay more attention to the issue of food waste.

(   ) 4. What is the main idea of the article?

(A) How to solve the problem of too much thrown-away food

(B) How to deal with damaged or imperfect-looking food

(C) How to improve transportation methods for delivering food

(D) How to feed the starving and hungry people of the world

句型重點解析 UNIT 4.6

 UNIT 6

 

1. S + Vt (keep/leave/find) + O + Adj

說明

1. keep、leave和find皆為不完全及物動詞，因此在受詞之後須加形容詞當補語，來補充說明受詞的狀況。

2. 在此句型中，keep和leave表示「使……保持……狀態」，而find表示「發現……處於……狀態」。

 

例句

1. Others found Beuys’s creations meaningful because his artwork strongly expressed his beliefs in humanism.

(其他人發現Beuys的創作很有意義，因為他的藝術作品強烈表達出他的人本主義理念。)

2. I always drink some coffee in the morning to keep myself awake.

(我早上總是會喝一些咖啡來讓自己保持清醒。)

3. My roommate asked me to leave her alone because she was in a bad mood.

(我的室友要我不要打擾她，因為她心情不好。)

 

2. S + Aux + not + V... + until + S + V....

說明

until為連接詞，引導表時間的副詞子句，其主要子句須用否定句，表示「直到……才……」之意。

 

例句

1. Rahic Talif does not begin carving a piece of driftwood until he has imagined its history.  (直到能想像出一塊漂流木的歷史之後，Rahic Talif才著手雕刻它。)

2. In the story, the spell would not be broken until the princess kissed the frog.

(在這故事中，直到公主親了青蛙之後，魔咒才被解除。)

3. The bully did not leave until I gave him all the money I had.

(這名惡霸直到我給了他身上所有的錢，他才離開。)

 

3. wh-clause + V...

說明

1. wh-子句為疑問詞所引導的名詞子句，可當作主詞置於句首；此句型中wh-子句為間接問句的用法，故須用直述句的語序。

2. 注意wh-子句當主詞視為整體，主要子句動詞須用單數形。

 

例句

1. What looked like a bunch of useless junk suddenly became a man and woman sitting back to back.

(原本看起來像一堆無用垃圾的東西，突然變成一對男女背對背坐著。)

2. What I really need right now is a good night’s sleep.

(我現在真正需要的是一夜好眠。)

3. Where Eric comes from still remains a mystery.

(Eric來自何方仍是個謎。)

 

4. some...others...

說明

1. 此句型用於提出眾多群體中非限定的兩組來做說明，但還有其他組未提及，表示「有些……另一些……」之意，其中others也可以用some代替。

2. 此句型中，some可視為代名詞，或是以some加上複數名詞，此時some則為形容詞；而others則可代換成other加上複數名詞。

 

例句

1. Some people might have thought that Beuys’s creations looked plain, but others found his creations meaningful.

(有些人或許認為Beuys的作品看起來平淡無奇，但另一些人則認為他的創作很有意義。)

2. There are many kinds of books in the library. Some are novels, and others are comic books.

(在這間圖書館有很多種書。有些是小說，另一些是漫畫。)

3. Most students have their own favorite subject. Some like English. Others like math.  (大部分學生有他們自己最喜歡的科目。有些喜歡英文。另一些喜歡數學。)

 

5. A be viewed/seen/regarded/thought of as B                 A被視為B

說明

1. 此句型為被動語態用法，表示「A被視為、認為是B」之意，也可寫成主動，句型為“view/see/regard/think of A as B”。

2. 欲表示「A被視為B」之意，也可用動詞consider，其句型為“A be considered (to be) B”。

 

例句

1. Driftwood is normally viewed as worthless trash.

(漂流木通常被視為是沒有價值的垃圾。)

2. Karen is regarded as the best student in my class.

(Karen被認為是我班上最好的學生。)

3. Dogs are thought of as humans’ best friends.

(狗被視為是人類最好的朋友。)

 

實力評量

I. 選擇題：依據下列各題句意，選出一個最符合語法的答案。

(　) 1. Humans need water and air to keep themselves ________.
(A) alive        (B) life            (C) live                     (D) to living

(　) 2. A man can be seen ________ a real man when he is able to take responsibility (責任).
(A) to be                 (B) to                        (C) as                        (D) ×

(　) 3. What Ron told you ________ not true. Please don’t believe him.
(A) is                      (B) are                       (C) be                        (D) were

(　) 4. Mr. Robinson won’t sell the house ________ someone offers a good price.
(A) because            (B) until                    (C) since                   (D) than

(　) 5. My brother’s bed is piled with a lot of things. ________ are his magazines, and ________ are his dirty clothes.
(A) Some; other     (B) Some; others      (C) Others; some      (D) Other; some

(　) 6. After watching the movie, Gina found it rather ________.

(A) interest            (B) interests              (C) interested            (D) interesting

(　) 7. People have different hobbies. ________ like reading. ________ people enjoy watching movies.
(A) Some; Others   (B) Some; Other       (C) Others; Some      (D) Other; Some

(　) 8. What I can never understand ________ why Justin broke up with me.
(A) is                      (B) are                       (C) be                        (D) were

(　) 9. My brother ________ TV until he finishes his homework.
(A) watches            (B) not watches         (C) can watch           (D) can’t watch

(　) 10. I regarded Paul ________ my best friend in college.

(A) as                   (B) to be                    (C) by                        (D) ×

 

II. 改錯：挑出語法有誤的選項，並加以改正。

(　) ____________ 1. There are many foreign students in my school. Some are from

                           (A)                           (B)

Japan, and other are from Korea.

(C) (D)

(　) ____________ 2. I do believe the miracle until I see it by myself.

                   (A)                (B)   (C)    (D)

(　) ____________ 3. The human body is viewed to be a work of art in Greek and

(A)             (B)      (C)   (D)

Roman culture.

(　) ____________ 4. What Dylan has done actually mean nothing to me.

(A)      (B)             (C)   (D)

(　) ____________ 5. My mother thought it dangerous for me to leave the door

(A)   (B)           (C)

opening.

(D)

 

III. 引導式翻譯：每格限填一字。

1. 警方仍然還不知道那殺人犯現在身藏何處。

________ the killer is hiding now ________ still unknown to the police.

2. Marcus維持規律運動來保持身體健康。

Marcus takes regular exercise to ________ his body ________.

3. 直到心臟出了毛病，Russell 才注意健康。

Russell did ________ ________ attention to his health ________ his heart had some problems.

4. 紅色在中華文化裡被視為是幸運的顏色。

Red is t________ ________ ________ a lucky color in Chinese culture.

5. 這間精神病院裡的病人正在做各式各樣奇怪的事。有些邊跑邊叫。另一些用頭去撞牆壁。

The patients in this mental hospital are doing different kinds of strange things. ________ are running and screaming. ________ are bumping their heads on the wall.