2021年8月2日 星期一

文法講座 22~24

 

文法講座二十二:使役動詞


使役動詞有:lethavemakeget。意思都是「使」或「讓」或「叫」。
但這四個使役動詞意思上略有細微差別:

·                  let:讓某人做他想做的事。

·                  make:強迫某人 / 叫某人做事(尤其是做他不想做的事)。且也可用 make + N + adj的寫法,如:這個壞消息讓我很傷心。This bad news makes me sad.

·                  have:賦予某人責任 / 叫某人做事。

·                  get:說服 / 叫某人做事。


·                  使役動詞的使用方式:

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Let + O + be p.p. (過去分詞)」主要是用在「祈使句的被動語態」,使用頻率不高,建議直接用「祈使句」表達,或將 let 換成 make/ get/ have,這樣的用法較符合習慣用語。
[
例句] 請修正你的錯誤。

(祈使句) Please correct your mistakes.
let 被動) Let your mistakes be corrected.
(使役動詞) Please have your mistakes corrected.

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·                  [例句] 我不想去補習,但我媽叫我去。

I don’t want to go to cram school, but my mom makes me go.
I don’t want to go to cram school, but my mom has me go.
I don’t want to go to cram school, but my mom gets me to go

使役動詞 “makes/ has” 加受詞 “me”,因受詞能執行 “go to cram school” 這動作,故搭配 go (V)。使役動詞 “gets” 加受詞 “me”,因受詞能執行 “go to cram school”這動作,故搭配 to go (to V)

·                  [例句] 他叫兩個護士照顧這個生病的男孩。

He had two nurses take care of this sick boy.
= He got two nurses to take care of the sick boy.

他讓生病的男孩被兩個護士照顧。

He had the sick boy taken care of by two nurses.

第一句,使役動詞 “had” 加受詞 “two nurses”,因受詞可執行 “take care of” 這動作,故搭配 take (V)。使役動詞 “got” 加受詞 “two nurses”,因受詞可執行 “take care of” 這動作,故搭配to take (to V)。第二句,使役動詞 “had” 加受詞 “the sick boy”,因受詞無法執行 “take care of” 這動作,故搭配 taken (p.p.)

·                  請選出正確的句子:


A. Mom thinks computer games are a waste of time, so she won’t let us to play them.
B. With a little smooth talk, she got her husband mop the floor for her.
C. That she won the first prize made everyone surprised.
D. The teacher made her students use a dictionary while they were taking the English test.
答案:C

A
選項:媽媽認為打電動浪費時間,所以她不讓我們打電動。
使役動詞 “let” 後面加受詞 “us”,因受詞可執行 “play computer games” 這動作,故應搭配 play (V),而非 to V原。

B
選項:好言拜託後,她說動丈夫幫她擦了地板。
使役動詞 “got” 加受詞 “her husband”,因受詞能執行 “mop the floor” 這動作,故應搭配 to mop (to V),而非V原。

C
選項,句子結構分析如下:
她得第一名這件事讓每個人都很驚訝。
That she won the first prize made  everyone surprised.
[that
子句放句首當主詞]  [動詞] [受詞]   [形容詞]
本題考點為「使役動詞 make + N + adj」的用法。

D
選項:老師讓他的學生考英文時使用字典。
使役動詞 made 的確切意思為強迫某人做他不想做的事。但考英文時可用字典,絕不會是學生們不想做的事,因此建議將使役動詞 made 改成使役動詞let,因 let 意指「讓某人做他想做的事」。

 

 

 

文法講座二十三:把 A 看成 / 描述 B


·                  常用的「把描述為」的片語有:

portray / depict / describe + 受詞 + as + 受詞補語
[
例句] 人們將麥可傑克遜描繪成流行之王。

[主動寫法] People describe Michael Jackson as the King of Pop.
[
被動寫法] Michael Jackson is described as the King of Pop.

·                  常用的「視」片語,且搭配介係詞 “as”的有:

1. view/ take/ regard/ see/ deem / perceive + 受詞 + as + 受詞補語。
2. think of / refer to/ look upon +
受詞 + as + 受詞補語。
[
例句] 許多人將凱特摩斯的美視為是經典永恆的代表。

[主動寫法] Many people regard Kate Moss’s beauty as timeless.
[
被動寫法] Kate Moss’s beauty is regarded as timeless.

[
主動寫法] Many people refer to Kate Moss’s beauty as timeless.
[
被動寫法] Kate Moss’s beauty is referred to as timeless.

·                  常用的「視」片語,且搭配 “to be”,但“to be”可省的有:

think / consider + 受詞 + ( to be ) + 受詞補語。
[
例句] 許多人將凱特摩斯的美視為是經典永恆的代表。

[主動寫法] Many people consider Kate Moss’s beauty (to be) timeless.
[
被動寫法] Kate Moss’s beauty is considered (to be) timeless. 

受詞就是「名詞」,故補充說明受詞的「受詞補語」,多半是「名詞」或「形容詞」。

·                  常用的「視」句型中,搭配虛受詞 “it” 的有:
think/ consider + it +
受詞補語 + to V原。
think / consider + it +受詞補語 + that 子句。
句子中的 to V原 或 that 子句都是用來補充說明 it 代替哪件事。

[例句] 我認為追求夢想是很重要的。

I think it important to pursue my dreams.
I consider it important that I pursue my dreams.

·                  請選出正確的句子:


A. My parents think my nanny not as an employee but more as a friend.
B. Great white sharks are referred as the most fearsome predators.
C. We regard it important providing our kids with love, care and support.
D. In modeling business, 30 is often considered old.
解答:D

A 選項考點為:think of + my nanny (受詞) + as + an employee (受詞補語)。應再 think 後補上 of 才是正確寫法。且「not A but B」意指「不是 A 而是 B」。A 選項意思為:我爸媽沒把我的保母看成他們的員工,而是將她視為他們的朋友。

B
選項,考點為:refer to + 受詞 + as + 受詞補語。改成被動寫法為:are referred to as + 受詞補語;原主動語法的受詞已成為被動句的主詞。應在 referred 後補上 to 才是正確寫法。B 選項意思為:大白鯊被視為最可怕的掠食者。

C
選項,搭虛受詞 it 的句型有兩種:
(1)  think / consider + it +
受詞補語 + to V原。
(2) think / consider + it +
受詞補語 + that 子句。
C 選項應改成:我們將給予孩子們愛、照顧和支持視為重要的事。
We think / consider it important to provide our kids with love, care, and support.
We think / consider it important that we provide our kids with love, care, and support.

D
選項考點為:consider + 受詞 + ( to be ) + 受詞補語。改成被動寫法為:is considered + (to be) + 受詞補語;原主動語法的受詞已成為被動句的主詞。D 選項意思為:在模特兒界,30 歲常被視為老模。

 

 

 

文法講座二十四:連接詞 / 介係詞「因為」;連接詞 「所以」


用來說明「因果關係」的連接詞和介系詞條列如下:

·                  常用的連接詞「因為」有:because forassince,後方須連接句子,句子的基本條件為「主詞 + 動詞」。

·                  常用的介系詞「因為」有:because ofas a result ofon account ofdue to owing to,後方須搭配名詞。

·                  常用的連接詞「所以」有:so,後方須連接句子,句子的基本條件為「主詞 + 動詞」。



使用這些連接詞和介系詞時須注意的事項:

·                  because / for / as / since 後搭配事情發生的「原因」,而 so 後面搭配「結果」。

·                  連接詞「因為」和連接詞「所以」不能連用,如:用了because,就不可用so,反之亦然。

·                  連接詞 so 不可放句首。

·                  連接詞 because / as / for / since 放句首時需打逗點。

例句:因為愛你,所以我願意替你做任何事。
            (
「愛你」是原因,「願意做」是結果。)

() I am willing to do anything for you because I love you.
(
) I love you so I am willing to do anything for you.
(
) Because I love you, so I am willing to do anything for you.
       (because
so 應二擇一)
(
) I am willing to do anything for you because of I love you.
       (because of
為介係詞,後方應搭配「名詞」。because of love 才正確。)
(
) I am willing to do anything for you due to love you.
       (due to
為介係詞,後方應搭配「名詞」。due to love 才正確。)

連接詞「since」除了有「因為」的意思,也可用在「完成式」,表「自從」,詳細用法請參考文法講座十八。

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