文法講座三十四：動詞 keep 及「keep/paint/find/leave + O + OC」句型
動詞 keep 常用意思有以下兩個：
·
keep
當「繼續」解釋，等同於 continue; go on，後方需接「動名詞」Ving。
例句：儘管繼續向前邁進。做你該做的，且為自己而做。
Just keep moving forward
and do what you have to do, for you!
·
keep
當「保持」解釋，常用於下方句型：
keep
(保持/讓)/paint/find
(發覺)/leave (讓…) + 名詞(受詞) + 形容詞(受詞補語)
例句：我很抱歉，讓你久等了。
I am sorry to have kept you
waiting.
[名/ 受詞] [形/ 受詞補語]
受詞 you 可主動執行 wait 這動作，故用帶「主動進行」意味的 Ving 分詞當形容詞。
例句：人們總覺得快樂過日子很難。因為他們眼中的過去太美好，現況太嚴峻，而未來太茫然。
People always find it hard to be happy. They see the past better than it was,
the present worse than it is, and the future less resolved than it will be.
People always find it
hard
to
be happy.
[名/受詞] [形/受詞補語] [to V原結構補充說明
it]
例句：我將牆壁漆成淺藍色。
I painted the walls light blue.
[名/受詞] [形/ 受詞補語]
例句：刷牙時，不要讓水龍頭的水一直流。
Don't leave the water
running while you brush
your teeth.
[名/受詞] [形/受詞補語]
受詞 water 可主動執行 run 這動作，故用帶「主動進行」意味的 Ving 分詞當形容詞。
例句：對我而言，有些事不說比較好。( 即：讓有些事保持在不說的狀態 )
For me, it
is better to leave some things
unsaid.
[虛主詞]
[to V原補充說明 it]
For me, it is better to leave some
things unsaid.
[名/受詞] [形/受詞補語]
受詞 some things 無法執行 unsay 這動作，故用帶「被動」意味的 p.p. (過去分詞)當形容詞。
文法講座三十五：「以免…；唯恐」lest、for fear that、for fear of
·
連接詞 lest 出現在正式的書面文字而非口語中。lest 用於「指令」句後，帶出第二個句子，意指「以免…」，等同於 “ so that sb doesn't/don't”，帶有警示意味。用法如下：… lest + S + (should) V原。
句中的 “should” 並非「應該」而是「可能」，但可能性不高，故通常略去不寫。即便略去should，lest 後方句中的動詞只能用「原形」。
例句：他必須努力讀書，以免考試不及格。
He must study hard, lest he should fail the exam.
He must study hard, lest he fail
the exam.
·
連接詞「以免…；唯恐」for fear that 後方需連接第二個句子，用法如下：
… for fear that + S + might/ should/ may V原。
句中的 “should / might / may” 都是「可能」的意思。
例句：她徹夜未眠，惟恐女兒又發高燒。
She stayed awake all night for fear that her daughter might run a high
fever again.
·
介係詞「以免…；唯恐」for fear of 後方需搭配名詞或動名詞 Ving。
例句：唯恐被霸凌，有些小孩在學校刻意隱藏他們的天賦才能。
Some children hide their talents and skills in school for fear of being
bullied.
請選出錯誤的句子：
A. Grandma won't leave her home for fear of having a fall while she's out.
B. They store up food and water, lest a war breaks out.
C. Dress up warmly, lest you should catch a cold.
D. I always take an umbrella with me for fear that it may rain.
答案：B
A 選項，唯恐在外摔跤，外婆不出門。
介係詞「以免…；唯恐」for fear of 後方需搭配動名詞 having。
B 選項，唯恐戰爭爆發，他們儲存食物和水。
連接詞 「以免…；唯恐」 lest 用法如下：… lest + S + (should) V原。lest 後方句中的動詞一定得用「原形」。正確寫法如下：They store up food and water, lest a war break out.
C 選項，穿暖一點以免感冒。
連接詞 「以免…；唯恐」 lest 用法如下：… lest + S + (should) V原。lest 後方句中的動詞得用should catch或 catch。
D 選項，我總是隨身攜帶雨傘以免下雨。
連接詞「以免…；唯恐」for fear that 後方需連接第二個句子，用法如下：
…for fear that + S + might/ should/ may V原。所以 for fear
that it may rain 為正確寫法。
文法講座三十六：倒裝句
一般句子的寫法為：主詞 + 動詞 + 地點；而倒裝句的基本型則是反過來：地點 + 動詞 + 主詞。本單元介紹的倒裝句分為三種類型：
·
地方副詞或介副詞放句首的倒裝句
·
否定副詞放句首的倒裝句
·
特殊倒裝句型
地方副詞或介副詞放句首時，需用倒裝句。地方副詞或介副詞放句首的倒裝句句型如下：
地方副詞例句：老師來了。
[正常句] The teacher comes
here.
[倒裝句] Here comes the
teacher.
[倒裝句] Here she comes.
注意：Here 和 There為首的倒裝句，當句中主詞為「代名詞」時，須將主詞往前提至動詞前。
介副詞例句：兩個學生從教室走出來。
[正常句] Two students walked out
of the classroom.
[倒裝句] Out of the classroom
walked two students.
否定副詞放句首的倒裝句：rarely, no sooner than, not until, not
only but also 等否定副詞的倒裝
否定副詞(片語)放句首時，需用倒裝句型。而否定副詞放句首的倒裝句句型結構如下：
或
常用的否定副詞(片語)如下：
1.
絕不：never、by no means、under
no circumstances、on no account、in
no way
2.
幾乎不：seldom、little、rarely、hardly
3.
直到…才…：not until
4.
再也不：no longer
5.
一…就…：no sooner …than…
6.
不只…而且…：not only + 句子1 , but also + 句子2；句子1需倒裝。
例句：我絕不會放棄我的夢想。
By no means will I give up my dreams.
例句：她幾乎不指望我會伸出援手。
Hardly does she expect me to help her.
例句：直到失去健康，他才了解健康的重要性。
Not until he loses his health does he realize the importance of it.
例句：他再也不需要我的幫忙了。
No longer does he need my help.
例句：我一放下電話，電話又再度響起了。
No sooner had I put the phone down
than it rang again.
[倒裝句]
[主要句]
注意：no sooner 後須搭配「先發生的動作—放下電話」，用過去式「had + p.p.」表示且倒裝，而後發生的動作 (電話響) 用「過去式」表示，且主要句不需倒裝。
例句：我們不只參觀了台北，還去澎湖度假三天。
Not only did we visit Taipei,
but we also spent three days exploring Penghu.
[倒裝句]
注意：緊接在否定字 not only 後方那句需倒裝，而 but also 後的則不必。
特殊倒裝句型：so、such 或 only 放句首的倒裝句
·
so、such 放句首時，後方句需用倒裝句型，但關代 that 後方句則不需倒裝。so、such
倒裝句型結構如下：
例句：他是如此地驚訝，以至於說不出話來。
[正常句] He was so surprised
that he couldn't say a word.
[倒裝句] So surprised was he
that he couldn't say a word.
[倒裝句] Such was his surprise
that he couldn't say a word.
例句：Amy是如此地傷心，她痛哭失聲。
[正常句] Amy was so sad that she
cried her heart out.
[倒裝句] So sad was Amy that she
cried her heart out.
[倒裝句] Such was Amy's sadness
that she cried her heart out.
·
Only
(只要…) 放句首時，後方句需用倒裝句型。only 後方可搭配副詞、副詞子句或片語。only 為首的倒裝句句型結構如下：
或
例句：蝙蝠只有在晚上才會離開洞穴。
Only at night do bats leave
their cave.
[時間副詞]
例句：只有當你去的時候我才會去。
Only when you go will I go.
[副詞子句]
例句：只有努力唸書你才可能考好。
Only by studying hard can
you do well on the test.
[片語]
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