IV. Grammar
|
1 過去完成式：S
+ had + Vpp |
→ 1. 完成式的基本架構為「have + Vpp」，在第二冊Unit 7曾經介紹過現在完成式的用法，而這裡要介紹的是過去完成式。由於是過去，所以必須把完成式架構裡的have改成過去式had，形成的過去完成式架構為「had + Vpp」。
2. 過去完成式的使用時機有以下三種：
(1) 在過去某時刻已經完成的動作。
(2) 過去某時刻之前就一直持續的動作。
(3) 過去某時刻之前的經驗(敘述有或沒有該經驗都可以用)。
3. 假如句子中有兩個過去的時間，比較早的必須使用過去完成式，比較晚的則使用過去簡單式。
例：By the time you told me, I had finished my homework.
在你告訴我之前，我早就完成了我的作業。
(在「你告訴我」這個時刻之前，我「做」功課的動作已經完成。)
David had lived in Nagoya for three months before he moved to
Tokyo.
David搬到東京前，已經在名古屋住了3個月。
(在「搬到東京」這個時刻之前，已經「持續住」在名古屋3個月。)
Michelle had never gone abroad before
she graduated from college.
大學畢業前，Michelle從來沒出過國。
(在「大學畢業」這個時刻之前，Michelle沒有「出國」這個經驗。)
練習：根據句型及提示字合併句子。
1.
James found an apartment. James had
stayed in a hotel. (before)
_________________________________________________________________
2.
I had slept for four hours. My sister
came home. (before)
_________________________________________________________________
|
2 表示「花費」的動詞：spend,
cost, take |
→ 1. spend的主詞必須為「人」，後面可接「時間」或「金錢」。最常用的結構為「sb + spend + 時間 / 金錢
+ on N / V-ing」，意思是「某人花時間或金錢在某事物上 / 做某事」。
2. cost的主詞必須為「事物」或虛主詞it，只能用來表示花費「金錢」，常見的使用方式為「sth + cost (+ sb) +金錢」或「it + cost (+ sb) +金錢 + to V」，表示「某事物 / 做某事花了(某人)……(金錢)」。
3. take當「花費」的意思解釋時，主詞同樣必須為「事物」或虛主詞it，用來表示花費時間。常見的使用方式為「sth + take (+ sb) + 時間」或「it + take (+ sb) + 時間 + to V」，表示「做某事花了(某人)多少時間」。
例：Shelly spends all of her money on luxuries.
Shelly spends all of her money buying luxuries.
Shelly花她所有的錢在奢侈品上 / 買奢侈品。
The dress cost Ms. Wu 500 dollars.
It cost Ms. Wu 500
dollars to buy the dress.
那件洋裝花了伍小姐500元。
Finishing his homework took Harry an hour.
It took Harry an
hour to finish his homework.
完成作業花了Harry一個小時。
練習：根據中譯完成句子。(每格不限填一字)
1.
Charlie花了整個下午在超市裡購物。
Charlie ________ in
the supermarket.
2.
買這間房子花了Scott所有的積蓄。
It ________ all Scott’s
savings ________.
3.
寫這份報告花了我兩天。
It ________.
|
3 used
to V |
→
這個片語的意思是「過去曾經……」，用來表示過去常常會做的事情，或是過去的習慣，但現在已經不那麼做，或現在已經沒那樣的習慣了。除了這個片語本身，另外要特別注意和這個片語結構相似，非常容易搞混的兩個慣用法。首先，和這個片語相當相近的be used to V是單純的被動語態，表示「被用來……」；而be used to Ving表示的則是「習慣於……」。
例：Jason used to teach biology at a university, but now he is
retired.
Jason過去曾經在大學教生物學，但現在他退休了。
Many people used to be the mayor’s fans, but they no longer trust him now.
很多人過去是那位市長的粉絲，但現在他們不再信任他了。
練習：根據中譯完成句子。(每格不限填一字)
1.
東京鐵塔過去曾經是東京最高的建築物。
Tokyo Tower ________
the tallest building in Tokyo.
2.
小林先生過去曾經住在千葉。
Mr. Kobayashi ________
in Chiba.
|
4 be
able to V |
→
be able to V的意思是「能夠……」，其時態及單複數由be動詞來變化及表示，用法上可和助動詞can + V代換。如果要表示否定含意時，可寫為be unable to V，意思是「不能夠……」。
例：To get the job, you should be able to speak fluent English.
要得到這份工作，你應該要能說流利的英文。
Tim hurt his legs, so he was unable to run the marathon.
Tim的雙腿受傷，所以他無法跑馬拉松。
練習：根據中譯完成句子。(每格不限填一字)
1.
那個5歲的小女孩能夠記得亞洲國家的首都。
The 5yearold girl ________
the capitals of Asian countries.
2.
Thomas無法來派對，因為他的班機延誤。
Thomas ________ to the
party because his flight was delayed.
|
5 S +
V + (that)-clause and that-clause |
→
這個句型主要在說明當對等連接詞and連接兩個或兩個以上的that子句作受詞時，第一個that可以省略，但第二個以及之後的that則絕對不可省略，且that子句的主詞大多不會相同。
例：I realize (that) how beautiful
marine life is and that it is important
to watch over our oceans.
我了解到海洋生物有多美麗，以及保護我們的海洋是很重要的。
Michael told me (that)
he didn’t feel well and that his
father would pick him up later.
Michael告訴我他身體不舒服，以及他爸爸晚點會來接他。
練習：根據中譯完成句子。(每格不限填一字)
1.
Jeremy相信他有天會成功，以及他爸媽會以他為榮。
Jeremy believes that
he will succeed one day ________ his parents will be proud of him.
2.
Susie告訴我她要搬走，以及他們一家人可能會在布拉格落腳。
Susie told me she was
going to move ________ her family might settle down in Prague.
TRY IT!
一、選出正確的答案。
( ) 1. The singer’s latest album ________ Tony
NT$871.
(A) spent (B) bought (C) sold
(D) cost
( ) 2. Cindy used to ________ a walk after
dinner.
(A) taken (B) takes
(C) took (D) take
( ) 3. Luke realized that he ________ his
wallet in the hotel room.
(A) had leaving (B) had left (C) has leaving (D) has leave
( ) 4. Steve was unable ________ the small
words on the poster.
(A) to read (B) to reading (C) of read (D) of reading
( ) 5. Meg remembered she had taken out the
garbage and ________ her brother had done the dishes.
(A) this (B) which
(C) that (D) what
( ) 6. Tom ________ as a doctor for thirty
years before he retired.
(A) had worked (B) had working (C) working (D) works
( ) 7. Allison said the deadline for the paper
was next Monday and ________ she was running out of time.
(A) that (B) what
(C) this (D) which
( ) 8. If I finish my homework by seven, I will
be able ________ to the party.
(A) to going (B) to go
(C) of go (D) of going
( ) 9. Mr. Du used to ________ a worker before
he becomes a singer.
(A) is (B) do
(C) be (D) did
( ) 10. Bill spent a lot of money ________ the
souvenir.
(A) at (B) by
(C) on (D) in
二、根據提示完成句子。
1.
我醒來時，我哥哥已經去上班了。(中翻英)
___________________________________________________________________
2.
Iris回到她的位子上時，她的智慧型手機已經被偷了。(中翻英)
___________________________________________________________________
3.
Ron / two weeks / took / It / his bad cold. / to recover from (重組句子)
___________________________________________________________________
4. 200
dollars / me / It / home. / cost / to take a taxi (重組句子)
___________________________________________________________________
5.
Eric過去曾經是Paul最要好的朋友。(中翻英)
___________________________________________________________________
6.
Doris過去曾經在補習班工作。(中翻英)
___________________________________________________________________
7.
is / quickly. / learn things / The new employee / able to (重組句子)
___________________________________________________________________
8. sell / in
five minutes. / able to / is / ten diamond rings / The super salesperson (重組句子)
___________________________________________________________________
9.
我發現這裡的人們很友善，而且食物很好吃。(中翻英)
___________________________________________________________________
10.
我認為Helen沒在說謊，也覺得其中必有誤會。(中翻英)
___________________________________________________________________
沒有留言:
張貼留言