2011年1月4日 星期二

LEVEL 4: U29~U30

 Unit 29

adequate [`ædəkwɪt] a. 充分的,適當的

同義字:sufficient [sə`fɪʃənt] a. 足夠的,充分的 ③

You need adequate sleep, or else your health will suffer. / 你需要足夠的睡眠,否則你的健康會受損。

 

adequately [`ædəkwɪtlɪ] adv. 適當地,充分地

同義字:sufficiently [sə`fɪʃəntlɪ] adv. 充分地 ③

Is Mark adequately prepared for the new job? / 這份新工作馬克準備充分了嗎?

 

appropriate [ə`proprɪɪt]/[ə`proprɪ͵et] a. 適當的,合適的 vt. 撥(款)

片語:be appropriate for... 適合⋯ = be suitable for...

同義字:suitable [`sjutəbḷ] a. 適當的 ③

You should have taken more appropriate measures at that time. / 當時你應該採取更合適的措施才是。

Jeans are obviously not appropriate for such formal occasions. / 這樣正式的場合顯然不適合穿著牛仔褲。

The government is going to appropriate $5 million for the project. / 這項工程政府將撥款 5 百萬美元補助。

 

bond [bɑnd] n. 關係,債券

同義字:connection [kə`nɛkʃən] n. 關係 ③;relationship [rɪ`leʃənʃɪp] n. 關係 ②

There is a special emotional bond between the mother and the newborn baby. / 母親與新生兒之間存在一種特別的情感聯繫。

I was so desperate for money that I cashed the bonds my grandmother gave me. / 我急著要錢,因此把祖母給我的債券全拿去兌現了。*desperate [`dɛspərɪt] a. 極度渴望的

 

candidate [`kændə͵det] n. 候選人

同義字:contestant [kən`tɛstənt] n. 參與競賽者 ⑥;contender [kən`tɛndɚ] n. 競爭者

There are two candidates running for chairman of our department. / 本系有兩位候選人角逐系主任一職。

 

consequence [`kɑnsəkwəns] n. 結果,重要(= importance

片語:in consequence of... 因為⋯ = as a consequence of... = as a result of... = because of... = on account of...be of no/little/some/great consequence 不/不太/有些/非常重要 = be of no/little/some/great importance

In consequence of your continual tardiness, I will dock your pay. = As a consequence of your continual tardiness, I will dock your pay. / 因為你常遲到,所以我要扣你薪水。*tardiness [`tardɪnɪs] n. 遲到*dock [dɑk] vt. 扣除(薪水)

Don't worry about the matter. It's of no consequence to you. / 別擔心這件事,它對你不重要。

 

consequent [`kɑnsə͵kwɛnt] a. 的原因而發生的,必然的

片語:be consequent on... 而起的 = be caused by...

The landslide was consequent on the heavy rains.  / 這次坍方乃是因大雨所造成的。

David didn't work hard, so his consequent failure was inevitable. / 大衛不努力,因此他必然的失敗在所難免。

 

consequently [`kɑnsə͵kwɛntlɪ] adv. 因此,所以

同義字:therefore [`ðɛr͵fɔr] adv. 因此 ② = as a result = as a consequence

It rained, and consequently our picnic was postponed. / 那天下雨,因此我們的野餐延期了。

The mayor is very popular; consequently, he is likely to be reelected. / 這位市長非常受歡迎;因此,他很可能再次當選。

 

convince [kən`vɪns] vt. 使確信,說服

片語:convince sb of sth 使某人確信某事;convince sb to V 說服某人從事⋯ = persuade sb to V

衍生字:persuade [pɚ`swed] vt. 說服 ③

How can I convince the boy of the dangers of smoking? / 我要怎樣才能讓他相信抽菸的種種危險呢?

It seems I can do nothing to convince my husband to quit smoking. / 我似乎拿不出辦法說服我老公戒菸。

 

convinced [kən`vɪnst] a. 確信的

I'm convinced of John's innocence. = I'm sure of John's innocence. = I'm convinced that John is innocent. / 我相信約翰是無辜的。

比較:convincing [kən`vɪnsɪŋ] a. 令人信服的

用法:be convinced of sth 相信某事;be convinced+that子句 相信

 

demo [`dɛmo] n. 試聽帶,示範,示威(是 demonstration 的簡寫)

We will select three groups from these demo tapes to participate in the competition. / 我們會從這些試聽帶中選出 3 個團體參賽。

James gave us a quick demo of how the machine works. / 詹姆士簡單示範給我們看這部機器是如何運作的。

延伸:a demo tape 試聽帶;give sb a demo 向某人示範 = give sb a demonstration

 

demonstrate [`dɛmən͵stret] vt. 示範 vi. 示威

片語:demonstrate against... 示威反抗

衍生字:display [dɪ`sple] vt. 展示 ②

The salesman demonstrated to us how to work the machine. / 該業務員向我們示範說明如何操作這部機器。

Thousands of people demonstrated against the government this morning. / 今天早上有好幾千人示威抗議政府。

 

demonstration [͵dɛmən`streʃən] n. 示範,示威活動

片語:hold a demonstration 舉行示威;launch a demonstration 發動示範

The tennis coach gave a demonstration of basic strokes. / 該網球教練示範了一些基本打法。*stroke [strok] n.(網球)揮球,一擊

The teachers held a demonstration for a pay increase. / 這些老師舉行示威要求加薪。

 

eliminate [ɪ`lɪmə͵net] vt. 殲滅,剔除,淘汰

衍生字:elimination [ɪ͵lɪmə`neʃən] n. 殲滅;淘汰

同義字eradicate [ɪ`rædɪ͵ket] vt. 連根拔出剷除annihilate [ə`naɪə͵let] vt. 殲滅

Our troops made a surprise attack and eliminated the enemy. / 我軍發動奇襲把敵人消滅了。

We have to eliminate the losing team from the competition. / 我們必須把這支快輸的隊伍從比賽中淘汰掉。

 

emphasis [`ɛmfəsɪs] n. 強調,重視

片語:lay/put/place emphasis on... 強調/重視⋯ = lay/put/place stress on...

衍生字:emphatic [ɪm`fætɪk] a. 強調的 ⑥

We lay great emphasis on the quality of our products. / 我們很重視我們產品的品質。

 

emphasize [`ɛmfə͵saɪz] vt. 強調,重視

同義字:stress [strɛs] vt. 強調 ②

The report emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet. / 這份報告強調均衡飲食的重要性。

 

estimate [`ɛstə͵met]/[`ɛstəmɪt] vt. 估計 n. 估計

衍生字:estimation [͵ɛstə`meʃən] n. 評價;預算

It is estimated that 20,000 people will participate in the demonstration. = An estimated 20,000 people will participate in the demonstration. / 估計將有 2 萬人參與這次的示威遊行。

Please give me a rough estimate of how much time you'll need to complete the project. / 你需要花多久時間完成這件案子,請給我一個大約的數字。

用法:It is estimated + that 子句 據估計an estimated+數字 估計有

 

eventual [ɪ`vɛntʃʊəl] a. 最後的,終究的

同義字:final [`faɪnḷ] a. 最後的 ①

No one suspected the eventual result of the decision. / 沒有人懷疑那項決定的最終結果。

I have confidence in our team's eventual victory. / 我有信心我們的隊伍會贏得最後的勝利。

 

eventually [ɪ`vɛntʃʊəlɪ] adv. 終究,到頭來

同義字:finally [`faɪnḷɪ] adv. 最後 ①

The ship will have to be repainted eventually. / 這艘船終究還是要重新上漆的。

Eventually everyone must die. / 每個人到頭來都須一死。

 

expand [ɪk`spænd] vt. vi. 擴大,拓展

同義字:develop [dɪ`vɛləp] vt. & vi. 發展 ②;grow [gro] vi. 成長 ①

反義字:shrink [ʃrɪŋk] vt. & vi. 縮小 ③

We've expanded our business by opening two more restaurants lately. / 我們最近擴大營業,新開了兩家餐廳。

Thanks to teamwork and sound strategies, our sales expanded by 20% last year. / 由於團結合作且策略得當,我們的業績去年擴張了 20%

 

expansion [ɪk`spæʃən] n. 擴大

同義字:development [dɪ`vɛləpmənt] n. 發展 ②

The building's expansion took two years to complete. / 該棟大樓的擴建花了兩年的時間才完成。

 

explanation [͵ɛksplə`neʃən] n. 解釋,說明

衍生字:explain [ɪk`splen] vt. 說明,解釋 ②

The teacher gave a satisfactory explanation of the process. / 這位老師把這程序作了令人滿意的說明。

 

formula [`fɔrmjələ] (複數形: formulas/formulae [`fɔrmjəli]) n. 配方,公式

衍生字:formulate [`fɔrmjə͵let] vt. 判定,規劃 ⑥

formulation [͵fɔrmjə`leʃən] n. 規劃 ⑥

Mary never told anyone about the formula for her special lotion. / 瑪麗未曾告訴任何人她特殊乳液的配方。

We'll have to come up with a formula to solve this math problem. / 我們得想出一條公式以解出這道數學題。

 

greasy [`grisɪ] a. 油膩的

衍生字:grease [gris] n. 油脂;潤滑油 ⑤

The floor in the kitchen is greasy, so you'd better be careful walking in there. / 廚房地上很油膩,你在裡頭走動最好當心點。

 

illustrate [`ɪləstret] vt. 畫插圖,說明

衍生字:illustrator [`ɪləs͵tretɚ] n. 插畫家

Jane illustrates children's books for a living. / 阿珍替兒童書籍畫插畫維生。

The graphs illustrate the growth of our business.

這些曲線圖說明了我們事業的成長。*graph [græf] n. 曲線圖

 

illustration [͵ɪlə`streʃən] n. 圖解(不可數),插圖(可數)

Illustration is often more useful in teaching than mere words. / 在教學時,圖解常比光用文字解釋要來得有用。

This book is full of beautiful illustrations. / 這本書充滿了美麗的插圖。

延伸:an illustration magazine 插畫雜誌;illustration art 插畫藝術

 

inadequate [ɪn`ædəkwɪt] a. 不適當的

同義字:insufficient [͵ɪnsə`fɪʃənt] a. 不充分的;不勝任的

Matt was fired because he was inadequate for the job. / 麥特因為無法勝任工作而被開除。

 

inappropriate [͵ɪnə`proprɪɪt] a. 不適當的,不妥當的

同義字:unsuitable [ʌn`sjutəbḷ] a. 不合適的

Danny got drunk at the staff party and said something inappropriate to the boss. / 丹尼在員工派對上喝醉酒,向老闆說了些不當的話。

 

initial [ɪ`nɪʃəl] a. 初期的 n. (姓名的)第一個字母

衍生字initiate [ɪ`nɪʃɪ͵et] vt. 發起;使入會 & n. [ɪ`nɪʃɪɪt] n. 新加入者 ⑤;initiative [ɪ`nɪʃɪ͵etɪv] n. 率先,主動 ⑥;take the initiative in + V-ing 率先從事

Paul's initial effort was a failure, but he kept trying and finally succeeded. / 阿寶最初的努力失敗了,但他繼續嘗試最後終於成功。

The picture was signed with the initials "J.B.," which stood for James Brown. / 這幅畫落款的姓名縮寫是 J.B.,代表詹姆士‧布朗。

 

initially [ɪ`nɪʃəlɪ] adv. 開始時,最初(= in the beginning

衍生字:in the beginning 起先

Initially, the boy was nice to the girl, but eventually he left her. / 剛開始男孩子對女孩子蠻好的,但後來卻離開她。

 

instruct [ɪn`strʌkt] vt. 教授,指導,指示,告知

片語:instruct sb in... 教導某人學習instruct sb to V 指示某人從事

衍生字:instructive [ɪn`strʌktɪv] a. 有教育性的,有益的

To be a singer, you need someone to instruct you in singing. / 你若想當歌手,就需要找個人教你唱歌。

The captain instructed his crew to sail east. / 船長指示所有船員往東航行。

 

instruction [ɪn`strʌkʃən] n. 教導(不可數),指示(複數),(機器)使用說明(多用複數)

片語:under sb's instruction 在某人的教導下;under sb's guidance 在某人的指導下;under sb's direction 在某人的引導下

Under Mr. Wang's instruction, I have made a lot of progress in my English. / 在王老師的指導下,我的英文大有進步。

Follow my instructions carefully, or you're likely to make mistakes. / 小心地遵從我的指示,否則你可能會犯錯。

Read the instructions fully before operating the machine. / 詳細看完說明書後再操作機器。

 

instructor [ɪn`strʌktɚ] n. 指導者,教練

同義字:coach [kotʃ] n. 教練 ②

Sam works as a fitness instructor at that gym. / 阿三哥在那家健身院擔任健身教練。

 

lastly [`læstlɪ] adv. 最後(= last

Lastly, I'd like to thank you all for your help. / 最後,我要謝謝諸位所給我的協助。

 

leisurely [`liʒɚlɪ] adv. 從容不迫地 a. 休閒的

片語:live leisurely 生活很悠閒 = lead a leisurely life

衍生字:leisure [`liʒɚ] n. 閒暇 ③

John has been living leisurely in the country since he retired. / 約翰退休後在鄉下一直過得很悠閒。

 

location [lo`keʃən] n. 地點,(找到)位置

衍生字:locate [lo`ket/`loket] vt. 找出的位 置;位於(採被動用法:be located in...

Please come visit our store at its new location.  / 請到我們店的新址參觀。

Finding the location of the escaped prisoner was difficult. / 要找到這名逃犯的藏身處還真不容易。

 

occupation [͵ɑkjə`peʃən] n. 職業,佔領

片語:be a/an... by occupation 職業是

衍生字:occupational [͵ɑkjə`peʃənḷ] a. 職業的 ④

I'm a teacher by occupation. / 我的職業是教書。

My ideal occupation is teaching at an elementary school because being with little children makes me feel young. / 我理想的職業是在小學教書,因為跟小朋友在一起讓我有年輕的感覺。

The occupation of the country by the enemy lasted six years. / 敵人佔領該國達 6 年之久。

 

occupy [`ɑkjəpaɪ] vt. 擁有,佔據,使忙碌(= busy

片語:be occupied with + N/V-ing 忙於⋯ = be busy + V-ing 忙著從事

衍生字:occupied [`ɑkjəpaɪd] a. 忙碌的 = busy

Mr. White occupies an important position in the government. / 懷特先生在政府裡身居要職。

The building occupies an entire block. / 這棟建築佔據了一整個街區。

Those workers were occupied with building a new road. = Those workers were busy building a new road. / 那些工人正忙著建造一條新路。

 

participate [pɑr`tɪsə͵pet] vi. 參加(活動,與 in 並用)

片語:participate in... 參加⋯ = take part in...

Mary participated in the speech contest and came in third place. / 瑪麗參加演講比賽得了第3名。

 

participation [pɑr͵tɪsə`peʃən] n. 參加

衍生字:participant [pɑr`tɪsəpənt] n. 參與者 ⑤

Teachers encourage student participation         in school affairs. / 老師都會鼓勵學生參與學務。

 

refresh [rɪ`frɛʃ] vt. 使提振精神

衍生字:refreshing [rɪ`frɛʃɪŋ] a. 使人提神的;refreshed [rɪ`frɛʃt] a. 已恢復精神的

John refreshed himself with a cup of coffee during the break time. / 約翰在休息時間喝了一杯咖啡提神。

 

relative [`rɛlətɪv] adj. 有關聯的,相對的,相當的 n.  親戚

片語:be relative to... 有關聯 = be connected to/with... = be related to...

= have something to do with...

These facts are relative to the case. / 這些事實和本案有關。

We must weigh the relative advantages of buying a house and renting an apartment before making a final decision. / 我們必須衡量買房子和租公寓的相對利益再做最後的決定。

The couple live in relative luxury. / 這對夫妻生活相當奢華。

Jack finds Amy's relatives hard to get along with. / 傑克發現阿美的親戚不太容易相處。

 

relatively [`rɛlətɪvlɪ] adv. 相當地

衍生字:rather [`ræðɚ] a. 相當地,蠻 ②

This washing machine is relatively easy to operate.  / 這台洗衣機相當容易操作。

 

revolution [͵rɛvə`luʃən] n. 革命,(星球)運行,公轉

衍生字:revolt [rɪ`volt] vi. 叛亂,叛變 ⑤

There is a revolution taking place in that country.  / 那個國家正發生一場革命。

One revolution of the earth around the sun takes a year. / 地球繞太陽運轉一圈要花一年的時間。

比較:rotation [ro`teʃən] n.(地球)自轉

 

revolutionary [͵rɛvə`luʃən͵ɛrɪ] a. 革命性的,創新的 n. 革命家

同義字:innovative [`ɪnə͵vetɪv] a. 創新的 ⑥;creative [krɪ`etɪv] a. 有創意的 ③

original [ə`rɪdʒənḷ] a. 有獨創性的 ③

Mr. Jackson's revolutionary ideas led to great change. / 傑克遜先生革命性的觀念導致很大的改變。

The computer is a revolutionary invention. / 電腦是一項創新的發明。

Dr. Sun Yat-sen was a great revolutionary, who led the revolution to overthrow the Manchurian government in 1911. / 孫中山先生是一位偉大的革命家,他領導革命於 1911 年推翻了滿清政府。

 

slight [slaɪt] a. 輕微的

同義字:littlesmall

David had a slight headache after bumping his head into the wall. / 大衛頭撞到牆壁後感到有點疼痛。*bump [bʌmp] vt. & vi. 撞擊

 

slightly [`slaɪtlɪ] adv. 輕微地

同義字:a littlesomewhatmore or less

After taking the medicine, I felt slightly       better.  / 服過藥之後,我覺得稍微好些。

 

surround [sə`raʊnd] vt. 環繞

片語:be surrounded with/by... 所環繞

All the classmates surrounded Tom, praising him for his musical talent at the concert. / 所有班上同學都圍繞著湯姆,讚美他在演唱會所展現的音樂天賦。

I live in a small village surrounded by lush hills. /我住在青山環繞的一座小村莊裡。*lush [lʌʃ] a. 綠意盎然的

 

surroundings [sə`raʊndɪŋz] n. (住處)環境(恆用複數)

It took me a couple of days to get used to my new surroundings. / 我花了好幾天才習慣新的環境。

延伸:environment [ɪn`vaɪrənmənt] n.(生態)環境(常用單數)②;protect the environment 保護環境;circumstances [`sɝkəm͵stænsɪz] n.(抽象)環境(亦採複數,常與介詞 under 並用)④;under such circumstances 在這樣的環境下

 

unique [ju`nik] a. 與眾不同的,獨有的

片語:be unique to + 地方 為某地方所獨有 = be native to + 地方 = be indigenous to +  地方*indigenous [ɪn`dɪdʒɪnəs] a.(某地)獨有的

Every person's fingerprints are unique. No two people's are alike. / 每個人的指紋都是獨一無二的。沒有人是相同的。

Kiwi birds are unique to New Zealand. Nowhere else can you find them. / 鷸鴕為紐西蘭所獨有,其他地方都找不到。

 

 

Unit 30

abdomen [`æbdəmən] n. 腹部

衍生字:abdominal [æb`dɑmənḷ] a. 腹部的

There was a tumor in Mary's abdomen, so the doctor decided to operate on her.

瑪麗的腹部有顆腫瘤,醫生決定要替她開刀。*tumor [`tjumɚ] n. 腫瘤

 

adjust [ə`dʒʌst] vt. 調整,調節,適應 vi. 適應(與介詞 to 並用)

Before the interview, the candidate spent several minutes adjusting his tie. / 面試前,這位應徵者花了幾分鐘調整他的領帶。

candidate [`kændə͵det / `kændədɪt] n. 應徵者,候選人

I'll adjust the window blinds because the sunlight is too bright. / 我來調整百葉窗簾,因為陽光太亮了。

I'm having a hard time adjusting to the climate of this place. / 我很難適應此地的氣候。

用法:adjust 表『適應』時多作或不及物動詞,皆與介詞 to 並用:adjust to + N/V-ing 使自己適應⋯ = adapt (oneself) to + N/V-ing = accustom oneself to + N/V-ing,此處的 accustom 是及物動詞,之後的反身代名詞 oneself 不得省略。

I find it very hard to adjust to the hustle and bustle of city life. = I find it very hard to adapt to the hustle and bustle of city life. = I find it very hard to accustom myself to the hustle and bustle of city life. / 我發現我很難適應都市生活的繁忙。*hustle and bustle 繁忙

 

adjustment [ə`dʒʌstmənt] n. 調整,調節,適應

片語:make an adjustment/adjustments  調整

同義字:regulation [͵rɛgjə`leʃən] n. 調整 ④;adaptation [͵ædæp`teʃən] n. 適應,適合 ⑥

After we made a few minor adjustments, the engine ran smoothly. / 那台引擎經過我們的些微調整後,運轉便順暢了。

Some foreign students feel it is a big adjustment living in Britain. / 一些外籍學生認為要適應英國的生活很困難。

 

aluminum [ə`lumɪnəm] n.

All aluminum cans should be recycled. / 所有的鋁罐皆應回收。*recycled [ri`saɪkḷ] vt. 回收

 

appoint [ə`pɔɪnt] vt. 選定,約定,指派

片語:appoint sb to V 指定某人從事⋯ = assign sb to Vappoint sb as/(to be) + 職位… 指定某人擔任職位

同義字:employ [ɪm`plɔɪ] vt. 雇用 ③;assign [ə`saɪn] vt. 分派 ④

They appointed John as captain of the team.

= They appointed John captain of the team. / 他們指派約翰擔任隊長。

Dave and I appointed our favorite restaurant as the place for the meeting. / 我和戴夫選定在我們最喜歡的那家餐廳碰面。

Nancy's teacher appointed her to do the job. / 萳西的老師指派她負責這件工作。

Everyone was surprised when the boss appointed Daniel (as) sales manager. / 丹尼爾被老闆任命為業務經理時,大家都大感驚訝。

 

appointment [ə`pɔɪntmənt] n. 約定,約會(指公務上的約會),職位,職務,任命

片語:make an appointment with sb 與某人約會

I already made an appointment with my doctor for seven this evening. / 我已經和醫師約好今晚 7 點看診。

David was thrilled about receiving an appointment as assistant professor at Cambridge. / 大衛很興奮能獲聘到劍橋大學擔任助理教授一職。

No one was pleased with Beth's appointment as group leader. / 沒有人對貝絲獲任命為小組領導人一事感到高興。

 

approval [ə`pruvḷ] n. 贊成,同意

同義字:consent [kən`sɛnt] n. 同意 ⑤;agreement [ə`grimənt] n. 同意 ①

The board of directors gave Bill final approval of his plan. / 董事會最後同意了比爾的計畫。

 

approve [ə`pruv] vt. 批准,核可 vi. 贊同(與of並用)

片語:approve of... 贊同

The manager didn't approve our plan. / 經理沒有核准我們的計劃。

Father does not approve of our staying up late at night. / 老爸不贊同我們熬夜。*stay up 熬夜

用法:approve 作及物動詞時表『核准』,之後直接以名詞作受詞:

I felt very happy when the boss approved my proposal. / 老闆核准我的提案時我感到很高興。

I felt upset when nobody approved of my idea at the meeting. = I felt upset when nobody agreed to my idea at the meeting. / 會議上沒有人贊同我的點子,我感到很難過。

 

assistance [ə`sɪstəns] n. 幫助,援助

片語:come to one's assistance 來幫助某人

衍生字:assistant [ə`sɪstənt] n. 助理(與介詞 to 並用)②

an assistant to Mr. Smith 史密斯先生的助理

assist [ə`sɪst] vt. 幫助 ③;assist sb in + V-ing 幫忙某人

I assist Mom in doing the chores on weekends. /

週末我都會協助媽媽做家事。

The needy family was grateful for the assistance given by their neighbors. / 這個貧困的家庭對於鄰居給予的幫助感激不已。*needy [`nidɪ] a. 貧困的

We all came to John's assistance when we learned that he was in trouble. / 我們知道約翰有困難時就前來幫助他。

 

bay [be] n. 海灣

片語:keep sb at bay 與某人保持距離 = keep sb at a distance

Polly lives in a beautiful mansion overlooking the bay. / 玻莉住在一棟美麗的豪宅,可以俯瞰整個海灣。*mansion [`mænʃən] n. 豪宅

Believing that Peter is not a nice guy, Mary's father asked her to keep him at bay. / 瑪麗的父親認為彼得不是個好傢伙,要她與他保持距離。

 

characteristic [͵kærəktə`rɪstɪk] n. 特徵 a. 典型的(與介詞 of 並用)

片語:be characteristic of... 的特徵/寫照

衍生字:character [`kærɪktɚ] n. 品德(不可數); 人物(小說裡的角色)②;a man of noble character 有高尚品德的人;characterize [`kærəktə͵raɪz] vt. 使具有的特徵 ⑥;be characterized as... 被描述有的特徵

John is characterized as a man of principles. / 約翰這個人的特徵就是很有原則。

Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing. / 基因決定了每樣生物的種種特徵。

This usage is characteristic of American English. / 這種用法是美式英語的特徵。

 

commit [kə`mɪt] vt. 犯(罪),奉獻

片語:commit a crime 犯罪;commit robbery 犯搶劫罪;commit A to B A奉獻於B = devote A to B = dedicate A to B

衍生字:commitment [kə`mɪtmənt] n. 委託,承諾 ⑥;make a commitment to V 致力要⋯ = make a promise to V

The mayor made a firm commitment to fight crime. / 市長堅決地承諾要打擊犯罪。

Lucas committed a serious crime and was sentenced to life imprisonment. / 路卡斯犯下重罪,被判無期徒刑。

Sherry commits an hour every day to learning English. = Sherry devotes an hour a day to learning English. = Sherry dedicates an hour a day to learning English. / 雪莉每天撥一小時研讀英文。

Mr. White has committed himself to teaching over the past 20 years. / 懷特先生過去 20 年來都獻身於教育。

 

committed [kə`mɪtɪd] a. 致力的

片語:be committed to... 致力於

衍生字:devoted [dɪ`votɪd] a. 致力的 ④;dedicated [`dɛdə͵ketɪd] a. 奉獻的

反義字:uncommitted [͵ʌnkə`mɪtɪd] a. 未承諾的 ④

The new research center is committed to finding a cure for AIDS. / 這家新的研究中心致力於找出治療愛滋病的方法。

 

competition [͵kɑmpə`tɪʃən] n. 競爭(不可數),比賽(可數),(生意上競爭的)同行(不可數,視為集合名詞,之前置定冠詞 the

片語:be in competition with... 競爭

衍生字:compete [kəm`pit] vi. 競爭 ③;compete with... 競爭

Unless we are prepared, we can't compete with them. / 除非我們已經準備妥當,否則我們沒辦法跟他們競爭。

Thirty students are in competition with each other for the tennis championship. / 30 名學生競相爭奪網球比賽冠軍。

Connie is the youngest contestant in the swimming competition. / 康妮是游泳比賽中最年輕的參賽者。*contestant [kən`tɛstənt] n. 參賽者

Our prices are always lower than those of the competition. / 我們的價格總是比同行來得低。

 

competitive [kəm`pɛtətɪv] a.  競爭的

衍生字:competitiveness [kəm`pɛtətɪvnɪs] n. 競爭力;competent [kɑmpətənt] a. 能幹的 ⑥

The boss admired Brian's competitive spirit. / 老闆很賞識布萊恩的競爭精神。

John became a college student through the highly competitive entrance examination. / 約翰通過競爭激烈的入學考試成為大學生。

 

competitor [kəm`pɛtətɚ] n. 競爭者,參賽者

同義字:contestant [kən`tɛstənt] n. 參賽者 ⑥

There were 30 competitors in the marathon. / 那場馬拉松共有 30 名參賽者。

 

compose [kəm`poz] vt. 組成,構成,譜(曲),寫(詩)

片語:compose oneself 使自己鎮定;be composed of... 組成 = be made up of... = consist of...

This class is composed of twenty boys and five girls. = This class is made up of twenty boys and five girls. = This class consists of twenty boys and five girls. = Twenty boys and five girls compose this class. / 這個班級是由 20 位男孩和 5 位女孩組成的。

Beethoven composed nine symphonies. / 貝多芬譜了 9 首交響樂。

Charlie composed a love poem for his girlfriend. / 查理為了他女友寫了一首情詩。

Mack tried to compose himself before speaking to his girlfriend's parents. / 在與他女友的父母談話前,梅克設法讓自己鎮定下來。

 

composer [kəm`pozɚ] n. 作曲家

Who is your favorite composer? / 你最喜歡的作曲家是哪位?

 

composition [͵kɑmpə`zɪʃən] n. 成份,(樂曲、畫、詩等)作品,作文

衍生字:component [kəm`ponənt] n. 組件 ⑥

The scientists analyzed the moon rock to determine its composition. / 科學家們分析那塊月球岩石以確定它的成份。

The composition of the sonata took Mozart only a few hours. / 莫札特只花了幾個鐘頭就譜成了那首奏鳴曲。*sonata [sə`nɑtə] n. 奏鳴曲

The teacher said my composition on honesty was excellent. / 老師說我那篇關於誠實的作文寫得很棒。

 

copper [`kɑpɚ] n. 紅銅

Most coins are made of copper. / 大部分的錢幣都是銅鑄的。

比較:brass [bræs] n. 黃銅;bronze [brɑnz] n. 青銅

 

critic [`krɪtɪk] n. 評論家,愛挑剔的人

同義字:commentator [`kɑmən͵tetɚ] n. 評論員 ⑥;faultfinder [`fɔlt͵faɪndɚ] n. 吹毛求疵者

T. S. Eliot was one of the greatest critics in Britain. / 艾略特是英國最偉大的評論家之一。

Mary is such a critic that no one likes to be around her. / 瑪麗那麼愛挑剔,因此沒有人喜歡和她在一起。

 

critical [`krɪtɪkḷ] a. 危急的,批評的

片語:be in critical condition 處於危急的情況;be critical of... 批評

同義字:dangerous [`dendʒərəs] a. 危險的 ②;risky [`rɪskɪ] a. 危險的

反義字:stable [`stebḷ] a. 穩定的 ③;be in stable condition 處於穩定的情況

The patient is still in critical condition. / 病人的情況仍然危急。

Most environmentalists are critical of building a dam in that area. / 大多數環保人士都對在那個地區建造水壩一事嚴加批評。*environmentalist [ɪn͵vaɪrən`mɛntḷɪst] n. 環保人士;dam [dæm] n. 水壩;reservoir [`rɛzɚ͵vɔr] n. 水庫

 

criticism [`krɪtə͵sɪzəm] n. 批評,爭議,評論(均不可數)

片語:constructive criticism 建設性的批評

同義字:comment [`kɑmɛnt] vi. 評論 ④;comment on sth 評論

The politician refused to comment on that issue. / 該政客拒絕對那議題發表評論。

The new tax law has been the subject of criticism recently. / 這條新稅法最近成為廣受爭議的話題。

This magazine is famous for its literary criticism.

= This magazine is famous for its literary comments. / 這本雜誌因為它的文學評論而出名。*literary [`lɪtə͵rɛrɪ] a. 文學的

 

criticize [`krɪtɪ͵saɪz] vt. 批評

片語:be criticized as... 被批評為

同義字:find fault with... 挑剔praise [prez] vt. & n. 稱讚 ②

The plan was criticized as being too expensive. / 這個計劃被批評為耗資過大。

 

distribute [dɪ`strɪbjut] vt. 分發,分配

同義字:deliver [dɪ`lɪvɚ] vt. 傳送 ②

The professor distributed the examination papers to the class. / 該教授正在把考卷發給全班。

 

distribution [͵dɪstrə`bjuʃən] n. 分配,分佈

同義字:delivery [dɪ`lɪvərɪ] n. 傳送 ③;circulation [͵sɝkjə`leʃən] n. 發行 ④

The distribution of wealth is uneven in that country. / 該國財富分配不均。

That magazine enjoys a wide distribution. = That magazine enjoys a wide circulation. / 那本雜誌的發行遍及各地。

 

expose [ɪk`spoz] vt. 暴露,接觸(與介詞 to 並用)

The film was ruined by being exposed to light. / 這捲底片因曝光而毀了。

The politician's corruption was exposed by the press. / 該政客的貪污被新聞界披露了。*corruption [kə`rʌpʃən] n. 貪污

To learn English well, you should expose yourself more to this language. / 要把英文學好,你就該多接觸這個語言。

用法:expose A to B 使A暴露於B;使A接觸B

 

exposure [ɪk`spoʒɚ] n. 暴露,接觸

Too much exposure to sunlight can cause skin problems. / 過度曝曬於陽光下可能引發皮膚問題。

Constant exposure to English is a must if you want to master the language. / 多多接觸英文是想要精通這個語言的不二法門。

用法:exposure 須與介詞 to 並用。

 

furnish [`fɝnɪʃ] vt. 配備傢俱,提供

片語:furnish sb with sth 提供某人某物 = provide sb with sth

衍生字:furnishing [`fɝnɪʃɪŋ] n. 裝潢 ④;furnished [`fɝnɪʃt] a. 含有傢俱的

I will not move into the house until it is fully furnished. / 房子要到傢俱配置好之後我才會搬進去。

This company furnishes you with all the equipment you'll need for camping. = This company provides you with all the equipment you'll need for camping. / 這家公司提供你露營所需的一切裝備。

 

gulf [gʌlf] n.  海灣,(意見的)差異

同義字:gap [gæp] n. 裂縫;差異 ③;difference [`dɪfərəns] n. 差異 ②

The Gulf of Mexico is the ninth largest body of water in the world. / 墨西哥灣是世界第9大海域。

The gulf between the rich and the poor in that country is widening. = The gap between the rich and the poor in that country is widening. = The difference between the rich and the poor in that country is widening. / 該國貧富之間的差距日益擴大。

 

intellectual [͵ɪntḷ`ɛktʃʊəl] a. 智力的 n. 知識份子

衍生字:intellectually [ɪntḷ`ɛktʃʊəlɪ] adv. 智力上 ④;intellect [`ɪntḷ͵ɛkt] n. 智力 ⑥

同義字:intelligent [ɪn`tɛlədʒənt] a. 聰明的 ④

I was quite impressed with the boy's intellectual ability. / 我對這男孩的智力感到很佩服。

Mr. Bauer is one of the leading German intellectuals on environmental research. / 包爾先生是德國在環境研究方面領先的知識份子之一。

 

intense [ɪn`tɛns] a. 強烈的

同義字:powerful [`paʊɚfəl] a. 強有力的 ②;strong [strɔg] a. 強壯的 ①

反義字:moderate [`mɑdərɪt] a. 適度的 ④

Mary's anger towards her husband was too intense for her to forgive him. / 瑪莉對她丈夫的恨意強烈到她無法原諒他。

I can't stand the intense heat waves during the summer. / 我無法忍受夏日強烈的熱浪。

比較:tense [tɛns] a. 緊張的 ④;intense [ɪn`tɛns] a. 強烈的 ④;intensive [ɪn`tɛnsɪv] a. 密集的 ④;intensive training 密集訓練

 

intensify [ɪn`tɛnsə͵faɪ] vt. 加強 vi. 加劇

John is a determined person. Any failure will only intensify his desire to try again. / 約翰是個很有決心的人。任何的失敗只會加強他想要再度嚐試的慾望。

The drought intensified and spread. / 這個旱災加劇並擴散開來。*drought [draʊt] n. 旱災

 

intensity [ɪn`tɛnsətɪ] n. 強度,熱切

I can't stand the intensity of the heat. / 這樣的熱度我無法忍受。

The boss likes David because whatever he does, he does it with intensity. / 老闆喜歡大衛,因為他不管做什麼都很投入。

 

intensive [ɪn`tɛnsɪv] a. 徹底的,密集的

衍生字:intensively [ɪn`tɛnsɪvlɪ] adv. 密集地

同義字:concentrated [`kɑnsɛn͵tretɪd] a. 集中的

The police began an intensive search for the missing child. / 警方開始密集搜尋這個失蹤的小孩。

延伸:the intensive care unit (ICU) 加護病房

 

largely [`lɑrdʒlɪ] adv.  大大地,大部分

同義字:mostly [`mostlɪ] adv. 大多數地 ④;mainly [`menlɪ] adv. 主要地 ②

primarily [praɪ`mɛrəlɪ] adv. 主要地 ③

Our success is largely due to Kelly's help. / 我們的成功要大大地歸功於凱莉的幫忙。

Those who work in this field are largely women. / 在這個領域工作的人大半是女性。

 

lead [lɛd] n. 鉛(不可數)

衍生字:leaded [`lɛdɪd] a. 有鉛的(汽油);unleaded [ʌn`lɛdɪd] a. 無鉛的(汽油)

Lead is a chemical element that can be used as a building material. / 鉛是一種化學物質,可以作為建材使用。

延伸:leaded petroleum 〔英〕含鉛汽油 = leaded gas〔美〕= leaded gasolinegasoline [`gæsə͵lin] n. 汽油

 

mostly [`mostlɪ] adv. 主要地

同義字:largely [`lɑrdʒlɪ] adv. 大大地;大部分 ④;mainly [`menlɪ] adv. 主要地 ②;primarily [praɪ`mɛrəlɪ] adv. 主要地 ③

John succeeded mostly because he worked hard and had great ambition. / 約翰能夠成功主要是因為他努力工作又有強烈的企圖心。*ambition [æm`bɪʃən] n. 企圖心;野心

 

orchestra [`ɔrkɪstrə] n. 管弦樂團

The great performance of the orchestra won everyone's applause. / 管弦樂團出色的演出贏得一致的掌聲。*applause [ə`plɔz] n. 鼓掌喝采

延伸:a symphony orchestra 交響樂團

 

panel [`pænḷ] n. 儀表板,專題討論小組

片語:an instrument panel 儀表板

There's something wrong with the instrument panel. / 儀表板有點問題。

A panel of judges met to discuss the Carlson case. / 裁判小組集會討論卡爾森案件。

用法:『儀表板』正式的說法為 an instrument panel

 

pickpocket [`pɪk͵pɑkɪt] n. 扒手

同義字:thief [θif] n. 小偷 ②

Watch out for pickpockets while you're traveling.  / 旅行時小心扒手。

 

possess [pə`zɛs] vt. 擁有,持有,(鬼魂)附身於

片語:be possessed of sth 擁有某物 = possess sthbe possessed by a ghost 被鬼魂附身

The man was arrested for possessing drugs when he arrived in the country. / 這名男子抵達該國時,因持有毒品而被捕。

Peter's father is possessed of a good sense of humor. = Peter's father possesses a good sense of humor. / 彼得的父親很有幽默感。

The boy seemed to be possessed by evil spirits.  / 這男孩似乎被邪靈附身了。

 

possession [pə`zɛʃən] n. 擁有(不可數),財產(恆用複數)

片語:take possession of sth 取得某物的所有權

be found in possession of... 被發現擁有

The possession of health is extremely valuable.  / 擁有健康是非常可貴的。

We lost all our possessions in the flood. / 這次水災中我們失去所有的財產。

The bank took possession of the debtor's home. / 該銀行取得該債務人房子的所有權。*debtor [`dɛtɚ] n. 債務人

The man was found in possession of drugs. / 該男子被發現持有毒品。

 

resolution [͵rɛzə`luʃən] n. 志願,期望,決心

片語:make a resolution to V 下定決心要⋯ = make a promise to V = resolve to V = determine to V = make up one's mind to V

同義字:promise [`prɑmɪs] n. 承諾 ②

Have you made any New Year's resolutions? / 你立定了任何新年新希望嗎?

Cindy made a resolution to study abroad someday. / 辛蒂下定決心有一天要出國唸書。

 

resolve [rɪ`zɑlv] vt. 解決,下決心

片語:resolve the problem 解決問題 = solve the problemresolve to V 下定決心要

衍生字:resolute [`rɛzə͵lut] a. 堅決的;堅毅的 ⑥

The letter should resolve their doubts. / 這封信應能解除他們的疑慮。

We did all we could to resolve the dispute. / 我們盡了全力去解決這個紛爭。

It took me five hours to resolve this problem. / 我花了 5 個小時解決這個困難。

Kathy has resolved to marry Tony. / 凱西已下定決心要嫁給東尼。

 

retire [rɪ`taɪr] vi. 退休,睡覺,休息

片語:retire from... 退休

Jack retired from the military after 30 years of service. / 在軍中服役 30 年後,傑克退休了。

When did you retire last night? = When did you go to bed last night? / 你昨晚幾點睡覺?

 

retired [rɪ`taɪrd] a. 已退休的

Both Peter's parents are retired doctors. / 彼得的雙親都是已退休的醫生。

 

retirement [rɪ`taɪrmənt] n. 退休

Ted became a volunteer after his retirement      from business. / 泰德自企業界退休後就成了一名熱心公益的義工。*volunteer [͵vɑlən`tɪr] n. 義工

 

shift [ʃɪft] vt. 轉移,改變 n. 輪班

片語:shift one's attention from A to B 把注意力從A轉到B = change one's attention from A to Bwork on the day/night shift 上白天班/上夜班

Don't try to shift the blame to me. / 不要把責任推到我身上。

What can I do to shift my son's attention from computer games to his studies? / 我該怎麼做才能把我兒子的注意力從電動玩具轉移到課業上?

I work on the night shift this week. / 我這星期輪夜班。

 

symphony [`sɪmfənɪ] n. 交響樂,交響樂團(= symphony orchestra

My favorite piece of classical music is Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. / 我最喜歡的古典樂是貝多芬的第 9 號交響曲。