Unit 29
adequate [`ædəkwɪt]
a. 充分的，適當的
同義字：sufficient
[sə`fɪʃənt] a. 足夠的，充分的 ③
You need
adequate sleep, or else your health will suffer. / 你需要足夠的睡眠，否則你的健康會受損。
adequately [`ædəkwɪtlɪ]
adv. 適當地，充分地
同義字：sufficiently
[sə`fɪʃəntlɪ] adv. 充分地 ③
Is Mark
adequately prepared for the new job? / 這份新工作馬克準備充分了嗎？
appropriate [ə`proprɪɪt]/[ə`proprɪ͵et] a. 適當的，合適的 vt. 撥（款）
片語：be
appropriate for... 適合⋯ = be suitable for...
同義字：suitable
[`sjutəbḷ] a. 適當的 ③
You should have
taken more appropriate measures at that time. / 當時你應該採取更合適的措施才是。
Jeans are
obviously not appropriate for such formal occasions. / 這樣正式的場合顯然不適合穿著牛仔褲。
The government
is going to appropriate $5 million for the project. / 這項工程政府將撥款
5 百萬美元補助。
bond [bɑnd] n. 關係，債券
同義字：connection
[kə`nɛkʃən] n. 關係 ③；relationship [rɪ`leʃənʃɪp] n. 關係
②
There is a
special emotional bond between the mother and the newborn baby. / 母親與新生兒之間存在一種特別的情感聯繫。
I was so
desperate for money that I cashed the bonds my grandmother gave me. / 我急著要錢，因此把祖母給我的債券全拿去兌現了。＊desperate [`dɛspərɪt] a. 極度渴望的
candidate [`kændə͵det]
n. 候選人
同義字：contestant
[kən`tɛstənt] n. 參與競賽者 ⑥；contender [kən`tɛndɚ] n. 競爭者
There are two
candidates running for chairman of our department. / 本系有兩位候選人角逐系主任一職。
consequence [`kɑnsəkwəns]
n. 結果，重要（= importance）
片語：in
consequence of... 因為⋯ = as a consequence of... = as a
result of... = because of... = on account of...；be of
no/little/some/great consequence 不／不太／有些／非常重要 = be of
no/little/some/great importance
In consequence
of your continual tardiness, I will dock your pay. = As a consequence of your
continual tardiness, I will dock your pay. / 因為你常遲到，所以我要扣你薪水。＊tardiness
[`tardɪnɪs] n. 遲到＊dock [dɑk]
vt. 扣除（薪水）
Don't worry
about the matter. It's of no consequence to you. / 別擔心這件事，它對你不重要。
consequent [`kɑnsə͵kwɛnt]
a. 由⋯的原因而發生的，必然的
片語：be consequent
on... 因⋯而起的 = be caused by...
The landslide
was consequent on the heavy rains. / 這次坍方乃是因大雨所造成的。
David didn't
work hard, so his consequent failure was inevitable. / 大衛不努力，因此他必然的失敗在所難免。
consequently [`kɑnsə͵kwɛntlɪ]
adv. 因此，所以
同義字：therefore
[`ðɛr͵fɔr] adv. 因此 ② = as a result = as a consequence
It rained, and
consequently our picnic was postponed. / 那天下雨，因此我們的野餐延期了。
The mayor is
very popular; consequently, he is likely to be reelected. / 這位市長非常受歡迎；因此，他很可能再次當選。
convince [kən`vɪns]
vt. 使確信，說服
片語：convince
sb of sth 使某人確信某事；convince sb to V 說服某人從事⋯ = persuade sb to V
衍生字：persuade
[pɚ`swed] vt. 說服 ③
How can I
convince the boy of the dangers of smoking? / 我要怎樣才能讓他相信抽菸的種種危險呢？
It seems I can
do nothing to convince my husband to quit smoking. / 我似乎拿不出辦法說服我老公戒菸。
convinced [kən`vɪnst]
a. 確信的
I'm convinced of
John's innocence. = I'm sure of John's innocence. = I'm convinced that John is
innocent. / 我相信約翰是無辜的。
比較：convincing
[kən`vɪnsɪŋ] a. 令人信服的
用法：be
convinced of sth 相信某事；be convinced+that子句 相信⋯
demo [`dɛmo] n. 試聽帶，示範，示威（是 demonstration 的簡寫）
We will select
three groups from these demo tapes to participate in the competition. / 我們會從這些試聽帶中選出 3 個團體參賽。
James gave us a
quick demo of how the machine works. / 詹姆士簡單示範給我們看這部機器是如何運作的。
延伸：a demo
tape 試聽帶；give sb a demo 向某人示範 =
give sb a demonstration
demonstrate [`dɛmən͵stret]
vt. 示範 vi. 示威
片語：demonstrate
against... 示威反抗⋯
衍生字：display
[dɪ`sple] vt. 展示 ②
The salesman
demonstrated to us how to work the machine. / 該業務員向我們示範說明如何操作這部機器。
Thousands of
people demonstrated against the government this morning. / 今天早上有好幾千人示威抗議政府。
demonstration
[͵dɛmən`streʃən] n. 示範，示威活動
片語：hold a
demonstration 舉行示威；launch a demonstration 發動示範
The tennis coach
gave a demonstration of basic strokes. / 該網球教練示範了一些基本打法。＊stroke [strok] n.（網球）揮球，一擊
The teachers
held a demonstration for a pay increase. / 這些老師舉行示威要求加薪。
eliminate [ɪ`lɪmə͵net]
vt. 殲滅，剔除，淘汰
衍生字：elimination
[ɪ͵lɪmə`neʃən] n. 殲滅；淘汰
同義字：eradicate [ɪ`rædɪ͵ket] vt. 連根拔出，剷除；annihilate [ə`naɪə͵let] vt. 殲滅
Our troops made a surprise attack and eliminated the enemy. / 我軍發動奇襲，把敵人消滅了。
We have to eliminate the losing team from the competition. / 我們必須把這支快輸的隊伍從比賽中淘汰掉。
emphasis [`ɛmfəsɪs]
n. 強調，重視
片語：lay/put/place
emphasis on... 強調／重視⋯ = lay/put/place stress on...
衍生字：emphatic
[ɪm`fætɪk] a. 強調的 ⑥
We lay great
emphasis on the quality of our products. / 我們很重視我們產品的品質。
emphasize [`ɛmfə͵saɪz]
vt. 強調，重視
同義字：stress
[strɛs] vt. 強調 ②
The report
emphasizes the importance of a balanced diet. / 這份報告強調均衡飲食的重要性。
estimate [`ɛstə͵met]/[`ɛstəmɪt]
vt. 估計 n. 估計
衍生字：estimation
[͵ɛstə`meʃən] n. 評價；預算
It is estimated
that 20,000 people will participate in the demonstration. = An estimated 20,000
people will participate in the demonstration. / 估計將有 2 萬人參與這次的示威遊行。
Please give me a
rough estimate of how much time you'll need to complete the project. / 你需要花多久時間完成這件案子，請給我一個大約的數字。
用法：It is
estimated + that 子句 據估計⋯；an
estimated+數字 估計有⋯
eventual [ɪ`vɛntʃʊəl]
a. 最後的，終究的
同義字：final
[`faɪnḷ] a. 最後的 ①
No one suspected
the eventual result of the decision. / 沒有人懷疑那項決定的最終結果。
I have
confidence in our team's eventual victory. / 我有信心我們的隊伍會贏得最後的勝利。
eventually [ɪ`vɛntʃʊəlɪ]
adv. 終究，到頭來
同義字：finally
[`faɪnḷɪ] adv. 最後 ①
The ship will have
to be repainted eventually. / 這艘船終究還是要重新上漆的。
Eventually
everyone must die. / 每個人到頭來都須一死。
expand [ɪk`spænd]
vt. vi. 擴大，拓展
同義字：develop
[dɪ`vɛləp] vt. & vi. 發展 ②；grow [gro] vi. 成長 ①
反義字：shrink
[ʃrɪŋk] vt. & vi. 縮小 ③
We've expanded
our business by opening two more restaurants lately. / 我們最近擴大營業，新開了兩家餐廳。
Thanks to
teamwork and sound strategies, our sales expanded by 20% last year. / 由於團結合作且策略得當，我們的業績去年擴張了 20%。
expansion [ɪk`spæʃən]
n. 擴大
同義字：development
[dɪ`vɛləpmənt] n. 發展 ②
The building's
expansion took two years to complete. / 該棟大樓的擴建花了兩年的時間才完成。
explanation [͵ɛksplə`neʃən]
n. 解釋，說明
衍生字：explain
[ɪk`splen] vt. 說明，解釋 ②
The teacher gave
a satisfactory explanation of the process. / 這位老師把這程序作了令人滿意的說明。
formula [`fɔrmjələ]
(複數形: formulas/formulae [`fɔrmjəli]) n. 配方，公式
衍生字：formulate
[`fɔrmjə͵let] vt. 判定，規劃 ⑥
formulation [͵fɔrmjə`leʃən]
n. 規劃 ⑥
Mary never told
anyone about the formula for her special lotion. / 瑪麗未曾告訴任何人她特殊乳液的配方。
We'll have to
come up with a formula to solve this math problem. / 我們得想出一條公式以解出這道數學題。
greasy [`grisɪ]
a. 油膩的
衍生字：grease
[gris] n. 油脂；潤滑油 ⑤
The floor in the
kitchen is greasy, so you'd better be careful walking in there. / 廚房地上很油膩，你在裡頭走動最好當心點。
illustrate [`ɪləstret]
vt. 為⋯畫插圖，說明
衍生字：illustrator
[`ɪləs͵tretɚ] n. 插畫家
Jane illustrates
children's books for a living. / 阿珍替兒童書籍畫插畫維生。
The graphs
illustrate the growth of our business.
這些曲線圖說明了我們事業的成長。＊graph [græf] n. 曲線圖
illustration [͵ɪlə`streʃən]
n. 圖解（不可數），插圖（可數）
Illustration is
often more useful in teaching than mere words. / 在教學時，圖解常比光用文字解釋要來得有用。
This book is full
of beautiful illustrations. / 這本書充滿了美麗的插圖。
延伸：an
illustration magazine 插畫雜誌；illustration art 插畫藝術
inadequate [ɪn`ædəkwɪt]
a. 不適當的
同義字：insufficient
[͵ɪnsə`fɪʃənt] a. 不充分的；不勝任的
Matt was fired
because he was inadequate for the job. / 麥特因為無法勝任工作而被開除。
inappropriate [͵ɪnə`proprɪɪt]
a. 不適當的，不妥當的
同義字：unsuitable
[ʌn`sjutəbḷ] a. 不合適的
Danny got drunk
at the staff party and said something inappropriate to the boss. / 丹尼在員工派對上喝醉酒，向老闆說了些不當的話。
initial [ɪ`nɪʃəl]
a. 初期的 n. （姓名的）第一個字母
衍生字initiate
[ɪ`nɪʃɪ͵et] vt. 發起；使入會 & n. [ɪ`nɪʃɪɪt] n. 新加入者
⑤；initiative [ɪ`nɪʃɪ͵etɪv] n. 率先，主動 ⑥；take
the initiative in + V-ing 率先從事⋯
Paul's initial
effort was a failure, but he kept trying and finally succeeded. / 阿寶最初的努力失敗了，但他繼續嘗試最後終於成功。
The picture was
signed with the initials "J.B.," which stood for James Brown. / 這幅畫落款的姓名縮寫是 J.B.，代表詹姆士‧布朗。
initially [ɪ`nɪʃəlɪ]
adv. 開始時，最初（= in the beginning）
衍生字：in the
beginning 起先
Initially, the
boy was nice to the girl, but eventually he left her. / 剛開始男孩子對女孩子蠻好的，但後來卻離開她。
instruct [ɪn`strʌkt]
vt. 教授，指導，指示，告知
片語：instruct
sb in... 教導某人學習⋯；instruct sb to
V 指示某人從事⋯
衍生字：instructive
[ɪn`strʌktɪv] a. 有教育性的，有益的
To be a singer,
you need someone to instruct you in singing. / 你若想當歌手，就需要找個人教你唱歌。
The captain instructed
his crew to sail east. / 船長指示所有船員往東航行。
instruction [ɪn`strʌkʃən]
n. 教導（不可數），指示（複數），（機器）使用說明（多用複數）
片語：under
sb's instruction 在某人的教導下；under sb's guidance 在某人的指導下；under sb's direction 在某人的引導下
Under Mr. Wang's
instruction, I have made a lot of progress in my English. / 在王老師的指導下，我的英文大有進步。
Follow my
instructions carefully, or you're likely to make mistakes. / 小心地遵從我的指示，否則你可能會犯錯。
Read the
instructions fully before operating the machine. / 詳細看完說明書後再操作機器。
instructor [ɪn`strʌktɚ]
n. 指導者，教練
同義字：coach
[kotʃ] n. 教練 ②
Sam works as a fitness
instructor at that gym. / 阿三哥在那家健身院擔任健身教練。
lastly [`læstlɪ]
adv. 最後（= last）
Lastly, I'd like
to thank you all for your help. / 最後，我要謝謝諸位所給我的協助。
leisurely [`liʒɚlɪ]
adv. 從容不迫地 a. 休閒的
片語：live
leisurely 生活很悠閒 = lead a leisurely life
衍生字：leisure
[`liʒɚ] n. 閒暇 ③
John has been
living leisurely in the country since he retired. / 約翰退休後在鄉下一直過得很悠閒。
location [lo`keʃən]
n. 地點，（找到）位置
衍生字：locate
[lo`ket/`loket] vt. 找出⋯的位 置；位於（採被動用法：be located in... ）
Please come
visit our store at its new location. / 請到我們店的新址參觀。
Finding the
location of the escaped prisoner was difficult. / 要找到這名逃犯的藏身處還真不容易。
occupation [͵ɑkjə`peʃən]
n. 職業，佔領
片語：be
a/an... by occupation 職業是⋯
衍生字：occupational
[͵ɑkjə`peʃənḷ] a. 職業的 ④
I'm a teacher by
occupation. / 我的職業是教書。
My ideal
occupation is teaching at an elementary school because being with little
children makes me feel young. / 我理想的職業是在小學教書，因為跟小朋友在一起讓我有年輕的感覺。
The occupation
of the country by the enemy lasted six years. / 敵人佔領該國達 6 年之久。
occupy [`ɑkjəpaɪ]
vt. 擁有，佔據，使忙碌（= busy）
片語：be
occupied with + N/V-ing 忙於⋯ = be busy + V-ing 忙著從事⋯
衍生字：occupied
[`ɑkjəpaɪd] a. 忙碌的 = busy
Mr. White
occupies an important position in the government. / 懷特先生在政府裡身居要職。
The building
occupies an entire block. / 這棟建築佔據了一整個街區。
Those workers
were occupied with building a new road. = Those workers were busy building a
new road. / 那些工人正忙著建造一條新路。
participate [pɑr`tɪsə͵pet]
vi. 參加（活動，與 in 並用）
片語：participate
in... 參加⋯ = take part in...
Mary
participated in the speech contest and came in third place. / 瑪麗參加演講比賽得了第3名。
participation [pɑr͵tɪsə`peʃən]
n. 參加
衍生字：participant
[pɑr`tɪsəpənt] n. 參與者 ⑤
Teachers
encourage student participation
in school affairs. / 老師都會鼓勵學生參與學務。
refresh [rɪ`frɛʃ]
vt. 使提振精神
衍生字：refreshing
[rɪ`frɛʃɪŋ] a. 使人提神的；refreshed [rɪ`frɛʃt] a. 已恢復精神的
John refreshed
himself with a cup of coffee during the break time. / 約翰在休息時間喝了一杯咖啡提神。
relative [`rɛlətɪv]
adj. 有關聯的，相對的，相當的 n. 親戚
片語：be
relative to... 與⋯有關聯 = be
connected to/with... = be related to...
= have something
to do with...
These facts are
relative to the case. / 這些事實和本案有關。
We must weigh
the relative advantages of buying a house and renting an apartment before
making a final decision. / 我們必須衡量買房子和租公寓的相對利益再做最後的決定。
The couple live
in relative luxury. / 這對夫妻生活相當奢華。
Jack finds Amy's
relatives hard to get along with. / 傑克發現阿美的親戚不太容易相處。
relatively [`rɛlətɪvlɪ]
adv. 相當地
衍生字：rather
[`ræðɚ] a. 相當地，蠻 ②
This washing
machine is relatively easy to operate. /
這台洗衣機相當容易操作。
revolution [͵rɛvə`luʃən]
n. 革命，（星球）運行，公轉
衍生字：revolt
[rɪ`volt] vi. 叛亂，叛變 ⑤
There is a
revolution taking place in that country.
/ 那個國家正發生一場革命。
One revolution
of the earth around the sun takes a year. / 地球繞太陽運轉一圈要花一年的時間。
比較：rotation
[ro`teʃən] n.（地球）自轉
revolutionary
[͵rɛvə`luʃən͵ɛrɪ] a. 革命性的，創新的 n. 革命家
同義字：innovative
[`ɪnə͵vetɪv] a. 創新的 ⑥；creative [krɪ`etɪv] a. 有創意的
③
original [ə`rɪdʒənḷ]
a. 有獨創性的 ③
Mr. Jackson's
revolutionary ideas led to great change. / 傑克遜先生革命性的觀念導致很大的改變。
The computer is
a revolutionary invention. / 電腦是一項創新的發明。
Dr. Sun Yat-sen
was a great revolutionary, who led the revolution to overthrow the Manchurian
government in 1911. / 孫中山先生是一位偉大的革命家，他領導革命於 1911 年推翻了滿清政府。
slight [slaɪt]
a. 輕微的
同義字：little、small
David had a slight
headache after bumping his head into the wall. / 大衛頭撞到牆壁後感到有點疼痛。＊bump [bʌmp]
vt. & vi. 撞擊
slightly [`slaɪtlɪ]
adv. 輕微地
同義字：a
little、somewhat、more or less
After taking the
medicine, I felt slightly
better. / 服過藥之後，我覺得稍微好些。
surround [sə`raʊnd]
vt. 環繞
片語：be
surrounded with/by... 被⋯所環繞
All the
classmates surrounded Tom, praising him for his musical talent at the concert. /
所有班上同學都圍繞著湯姆，讚美他在演唱會所展現的音樂天賦。
I live in a
small village surrounded by lush hills. /我住在青山環繞的一座小村莊裡。＊lush [lʌʃ] a. 綠意盎然的
surroundings [sə`raʊndɪŋz]
n. （住處）環境（恆用複數）
It took me a
couple of days to get used to my new surroundings. / 我花了好幾天才習慣新的環境。
延伸：environment
[ɪn`vaɪrənmənt] n.（生態）環境（常用單數）②；protect the environment
保護環境；circumstances [`sɝkəm͵stænsɪz] n.（抽象）環境（亦採複數，常與介詞 under 並用）④；under such circumstances 在這樣的環境下
unique [ju`nik]
a. 與眾不同的，獨有的
片語：be
unique to + 地方 為某地方所獨有 = be native to + 地方 = be indigenous to + 地方＊indigenous [ɪn`dɪdʒɪnəs] a.（某地）獨有的
Every person's
fingerprints are unique. No two people's are alike. / 每個人的指紋都是獨一無二的。沒有人是相同的。
Kiwi birds are
unique to
Unit
30
abdomen [`æbdəmən]
n. 腹部
衍生字：abdominal
[æb`dɑmənḷ] a. 腹部的
There was a
tumor in Mary's abdomen, so the doctor decided to operate on her.
瑪麗的腹部有顆腫瘤，醫生決定要替她開刀。＊tumor [`tjumɚ] n. 腫瘤
adjust [ə`dʒʌst]
vt. 調整，調節，適應 vi. 適應（與介詞 to 並用）
Before the
interview, the candidate spent several minutes adjusting his tie. / 面試前，這位應徵者花了幾分鐘調整他的領帶。
＊candidate
[`kændə͵det / `kændədɪt] n. 應徵者，候選人
I'll adjust the
window blinds because the sunlight is too bright. / 我來調整百葉窗簾，因為陽光太亮了。
I'm having a
hard time adjusting to the climate of this place. / 我很難適應此地的氣候。
用法：adjust 表『適應』時多作或不及物動詞，皆與介詞 to 並用：adjust to + N/V-ing 使自己適應⋯ = adapt (oneself) to + N/V-ing = accustom oneself to + N/V-ing，此處的 accustom 是及物動詞，之後的反身代名詞 oneself 不得省略。
I find it very
hard to adjust to the hustle and bustle of city life. = I find it very hard to
adapt to the hustle and bustle of city life. = I find it very hard to accustom
myself to the hustle and bustle of city life. / 我發現我很難適應都市生活的繁忙。＊hustle and
bustle 繁忙
adjustment [ə`dʒʌstmənt]
n. 調整，調節，適應
片語：make an
adjustment/adjustments 調整
同義字：regulation
[͵rɛgjə`leʃən] n. 調整 ④；adaptation [͵ædæp`teʃən] n. 適應，適合
⑥
After we made a
few minor adjustments, the engine ran smoothly. / 那台引擎經過我們的些微調整後，運轉便順暢了。
Some foreign
students feel it is a big adjustment living in
aluminum [ə`lumɪnəm]
n. 鋁
All aluminum
cans should be recycled. / 所有的鋁罐皆應回收。＊recycled [ri`saɪkḷ] vt. 回收
appoint [ə`pɔɪnt]
vt. 選定，約定，指派
片語：appoint
sb to V 指定某人從事⋯ = assign sb to V；appoint sb as/(to be) + 職位… 指定某人擔任⋯職位
同義字：employ
[ɪm`plɔɪ] vt. 雇用 ③；assign [ə`saɪn] vt. 分派 ④
They appointed
John as captain of the team.
= They appointed
John captain of the team. / 他們指派約翰擔任隊長。
Dave and I appointed
our favorite restaurant as the place for the meeting. / 我和戴夫選定在我們最喜歡的那家餐廳碰面。
Everyone was
surprised when the boss appointed Daniel (as) sales manager. / 丹尼爾被老闆任命為業務經理時，大家都大感驚訝。
appointment [ə`pɔɪntmənt]
n. 約定，約會（指公務上的約會），職位，職務，任命
片語：make an
appointment with sb 與某人約會
I already made
an appointment with my doctor for seven this evening. / 我已經和醫師約好今晚
7 點看診。
David was
thrilled about receiving an appointment as assistant professor at
No one was
pleased with Beth's appointment as group leader. / 沒有人對貝絲獲任命為小組領導人一事感到高興。
approval [ə`pruvḷ]
n. 贊成，同意
同義字：consent
[kən`sɛnt] n. 同意 ⑤；agreement [ə`grimənt] n. 同意 ①
The board of
directors gave Bill final approval of his plan. / 董事會最後同意了比爾的計畫。
approve [ə`pruv]
vt. 批准，核可 vi. 贊同（與of並用）
片語：approve
of... 贊同⋯
The manager
didn't approve our plan. / 經理沒有核准我們的計劃。
Father does not
approve of our staying up late at night. / 老爸不贊同我們熬夜。＊stay up 熬夜
用法：approve
作及物動詞時表『核准』，之後直接以名詞作受詞：
I felt very
happy when the boss approved my proposal. / 老闆核准我的提案時我感到很高興。
I felt upset
when nobody approved of my idea at the meeting. = I felt upset when nobody
agreed to my idea at the meeting. / 會議上沒有人贊同我的點子，我感到很難過。
assistance [ə`sɪstəns]
n. 幫助，援助
片語：come to
one's assistance 來幫助某人
衍生字：assistant
[ə`sɪstənt] n. 助理（與介詞 to 並用）②
an assistant to
Mr. Smith 史密斯先生的助理
assist [ə`sɪst]
vt. 幫助 ③；assist sb in + V-ing 幫忙某人⋯
I assist Mom in
doing the chores on weekends. /
週末我都會協助媽媽做家事。
The needy family
was grateful for the assistance given by their neighbors. / 這個貧困的家庭對於鄰居給予的幫助感激不已。＊needy [`nidɪ] a. 貧困的
We all came to
John's assistance when we learned that he was in trouble. / 我們知道約翰有困難時就前來幫助他。
bay [be] n. 海灣
片語：keep sb
at bay 與某人保持距離 = keep sb at a distance
Polly lives in a
beautiful mansion overlooking the bay. / 玻莉住在一棟美麗的豪宅，可以俯瞰整個海灣。＊mansion [`mænʃən] n. 豪宅
Believing that
Peter is not a nice guy, Mary's father asked her to keep him at bay. / 瑪麗的父親認為彼得不是個好傢伙，要她與他保持距離。
characteristic
[͵kærəktə`rɪstɪk] n. 特徵 a. 典型的（與介詞 of 並用）
片語：be
characteristic of... 是⋯的特徵／寫照
衍生字：character
[`kærɪktɚ] n. 品德（不可數）； 人物（小說裡的角色）②；a man of noble
character 有高尚品德的人；characterize [`kærəktə͵raɪz] vt. 使具有⋯的特徵 ⑥；be characterized as... 被描述有⋯的特徵
John is characterized
as a man of principles. / 約翰這個人的特徵就是很有原則。
Genes determine
the characteristics of every living thing. / 基因決定了每樣生物的種種特徵。
This usage is
characteristic of American English. / 這種用法是美式英語的特徵。
commit [kə`mɪt]
vt. 犯（罪），奉獻
片語：commit
a crime 犯罪；commit robbery 犯搶劫罪；commit
A to B 將A奉獻於B = devote A to B =
dedicate A to B
衍生字：commitment
[kə`mɪtmənt] n. 委託，承諾 ⑥；make a commitment to V 致力要⋯ = make a promise to V
The mayor made a
firm commitment to fight crime. / 市長堅決地承諾要打擊犯罪。
Lucas committed
a serious crime and was sentenced to life imprisonment. / 路卡斯犯下重罪，被判無期徒刑。
Sherry commits
an hour every day to learning English. = Sherry devotes an hour a day to
learning English. = Sherry dedicates an hour a day to learning English. / 雪莉每天撥一小時研讀英文。
Mr. White has
committed himself to teaching over the past 20 years. / 懷特先生過去 20 年來都獻身於教育。
committed [kə`mɪtɪd]
a. 致力的
片語：be
committed to... 致力於⋯
衍生字：devoted
[dɪ`votɪd] a. 致力的 ④；dedicated [`dɛdə͵ketɪd] a. 奉獻的
反義字：uncommitted
[͵ʌnkə`mɪtɪd] a. 未承諾的 ④
The new research
center is committed to finding a cure for AIDS. / 這家新的研究中心致力於找出治療愛滋病的方法。
competition [͵kɑmpə`tɪʃən]
n. 競爭（不可數），比賽（可數），（生意上競爭的）同行（不可數，視為集合名詞，之前置定冠詞 the）
片語：be in
competition with... 與⋯競爭
衍生字：compete
[kəm`pit] vi. 競爭 ③；compete with... 與⋯競爭
Unless we are
prepared, we can't compete with them. / 除非我們已經準備妥當，否則我們沒辦法跟他們競爭。
Thirty students
are in competition with each other for the tennis championship. / 30 名學生競相爭奪網球比賽冠軍。
Connie is the
youngest contestant in the swimming competition. / 康妮是游泳比賽中最年輕的參賽者。＊contestant [kən`tɛstənt] n. 參賽者
Our prices are
always lower than those of the competition. / 我們的價格總是比同行來得低。
competitive [kəm`pɛtətɪv]
a. 競爭的
衍生字：competitiveness
[kəm`pɛtətɪvnɪs] n. 競爭力；competent [kɑmpətənt] a. 能幹的 ⑥
The boss admired
Brian's competitive spirit. / 老闆很賞識布萊恩的競爭精神。
John became a
college student through the highly competitive entrance examination. / 約翰通過競爭激烈的入學考試成為大學生。
competitor [kəm`pɛtətɚ]
n. 競爭者，參賽者
同義字：contestant
[kən`tɛstənt] n. 參賽者 ⑥
There were 30
competitors in the marathon. / 那場馬拉松共有 30 名參賽者。
compose [kəm`poz]
vt. 組成，構成，譜（曲），寫（詩）
片語：compose
oneself 使自己鎮定；be composed of... 由⋯組成 = be made up of... = consist of...
This class is
composed of twenty boys and five girls. = This class is made up of twenty boys
and five girls. = This class consists of twenty boys and five girls. = Twenty
boys and five girls compose this class. / 這個班級是由 20 位男孩和 5 位女孩組成的。
Beethoven
composed nine symphonies. / 貝多芬譜了 9 首交響樂。
Charlie composed
a love poem for his girlfriend. / 查理為了他女友寫了一首情詩。
Mack tried to
compose himself before speaking to his girlfriend's parents. / 在與他女友的父母談話前，梅克設法讓自己鎮定下來。
composer [kəm`pozɚ]
n. 作曲家
Who is your
favorite composer? / 你最喜歡的作曲家是哪位？
composition [͵kɑmpə`zɪʃən]
n. 成份，（樂曲、畫、詩等）作品，作文
衍生字：component
[kəm`ponənt] n. 組件 ⑥
The scientists
analyzed the moon rock to determine its composition. / 科學家們分析那塊月球岩石以確定它的成份。
The composition
of the sonata took Mozart only a few hours. / 莫札特只花了幾個鐘頭就譜成了那首奏鳴曲。＊sonata
[sə`nɑtə] n. 奏鳴曲
The teacher said
my composition on honesty was excellent. / 老師說我那篇關於誠實的作文寫得很棒。
copper [`kɑpɚ] n. 紅銅
Most coins are
made of copper. / 大部分的錢幣都是銅鑄的。
比較：brass
[bræs] n. 黃銅；bronze [brɑnz] n. 青銅
critic [`krɪtɪk]
n. 評論家，愛挑剔的人
同義字：commentator
[`kɑmən͵tetɚ] n. 評論員 ⑥；faultfinder
[`fɔlt͵faɪndɚ] n. 吹毛求疵者
T. S. Eliot was
one of the greatest critics in
Mary is such a
critic that no one likes to be around her. / 瑪麗那麼愛挑剔，因此沒有人喜歡和她在一起。
critical [`krɪtɪkḷ]
a. 危急的，批評的
片語：be in
critical condition 處於危急的情況；be critical of... 對⋯批評
同義字：dangerous
[`dendʒərəs] a. 危險的 ②；risky [`rɪskɪ] a. 危險的
反義字：stable
[`stebḷ] a. 穩定的 ③；be in stable condition 處於穩定的情況
The patient is
still in critical condition. / 病人的情況仍然危急。
Most
environmentalists are critical of building a dam in that area. / 大多數環保人士都對在那個地區建造水壩一事嚴加批評。＊environmentalist [ɪn͵vaɪrən`mɛntḷɪst] n. 環保人士；dam [dæm] n. 水壩；reservoir [`rɛzɚ͵vɔr] n. 水庫
criticism [`krɪtə͵sɪzəm]
n. 批評，爭議，評論（均不可數）
片語：constructive
criticism 建設性的批評
同義字：comment
[`kɑmɛnt] vi. 評論 ④；comment on
sth 評論
The politician
refused to comment on that issue. / 該政客拒絕對那議題發表評論。
The new tax law
has been the subject of criticism recently. / 這條新稅法最近成為廣受爭議的話題。
This magazine is
famous for its literary criticism.
= This magazine
is famous for its literary comments. / 這本雜誌因為它的文學評論而出名。＊literary [`lɪtə͵rɛrɪ] a. 文學的
criticize [`krɪtɪ͵saɪz]
vt. 批評
片語：be
criticized as... 被批評為⋯
同義字：find
fault with... 挑剔⋯；praise [prez]
vt. & n. 稱讚 ②
The plan was
criticized as being too expensive. / 這個計劃被批評為耗資過大。
distribute [dɪ`strɪbjut]
vt. 分發，分配
同義字：deliver
[dɪ`lɪvɚ] vt. 傳送 ②
The professor
distributed the examination papers to the class. / 該教授正在把考卷發給全班。
distribution [͵dɪstrə`bjuʃən]
n. 分配，分佈
同義字：delivery
[dɪ`lɪvərɪ] n. 傳送 ③；circulation [͵sɝkjə`leʃən] n. 發行
④
The distribution
of wealth is uneven in that country. / 該國財富分配不均。
That magazine
enjoys a wide distribution. = That magazine enjoys a wide circulation. / 那本雜誌的發行遍及各地。
expose [ɪk`spoz]
vt. 暴露，接觸（與介詞 to 並用）
The film was ruined
by being exposed to light. / 這捲底片因曝光而毀了。
The politician's
corruption was exposed by the press. / 該政客的貪污被新聞界披露了。＊corruption [kə`rʌpʃən] n. 貪污
To learn English
well, you should expose yourself more to this language. / 要把英文學好，你就該多接觸這個語言。
用法：expose
A to B 使A暴露於B；使A接觸B
exposure [ɪk`spoʒɚ]
n. 暴露，接觸
Too much
exposure to sunlight can cause skin problems. / 過度曝曬於陽光下可能引發皮膚問題。
Constant
exposure to English is a must if you want to master the language. / 多多接觸英文是想要精通這個語言的不二法門。
用法：exposure
須與介詞 to 並用。
furnish [`fɝnɪʃ]
vt. 配備傢俱，提供
片語：furnish
sb with sth 提供某人某物 = provide sb with sth
衍生字：furnishing
[`fɝnɪʃɪŋ] n. 裝潢 ④；furnished [`fɝnɪʃt] a. 含有傢俱的
I will not move
into the house until it is fully furnished. / 房子要到傢俱配置好之後我才會搬進去。
This company
furnishes you with all the equipment you'll need for camping. = This company
provides you with all the equipment you'll need for camping. / 這家公司提供你露營所需的一切裝備。
gulf [gʌlf]
n. 海灣，（意見的）差異
同義字：gap
[gæp] n. 裂縫；差異 ③；difference [`dɪfərəns] n. 差異 ②
The Gulf of
Mexico is the ninth largest body of water in the world. / 墨西哥灣是世界第9大海域。
The gulf between
the rich and the poor in that country is widening. = The gap between the rich
and the poor in that country is widening. = The difference between the rich and
the poor in that country is widening. / 該國貧富之間的差距日益擴大。
intellectual [͵ɪntḷ`ɛktʃʊəl]
a. 智力的 n. 知識份子
衍生字：intellectually
[ɪntḷ`ɛktʃʊəlɪ] adv. 智力上 ④；intellect [`ɪntḷ͵ɛkt] n. 智力
⑥
同義字：intelligent
[ɪn`tɛlədʒənt] a. 聰明的 ④
I was quite
impressed with the boy's intellectual ability. / 我對這男孩的智力感到很佩服。
Mr. Bauer is one
of the leading German intellectuals on environmental research. / 包爾先生是德國在環境研究方面領先的知識份子之一。
intense [ɪn`tɛns]
a. 強烈的
同義字：powerful
[`paʊɚfəl] a. 強有力的 ②；strong [strɔg] a. 強壯的 ①
反義字：moderate
[`mɑdərɪt] a. 適度的 ④
Mary's anger
towards her husband was too intense for her to forgive him. / 瑪莉對她丈夫的恨意強烈到她無法原諒他。
I can't stand
the intense heat waves during the summer. / 我無法忍受夏日強烈的熱浪。
比較：tense
[tɛns] a. 緊張的 ④；intense [ɪn`tɛns] a. 強烈的 ④；intensive [ɪn`tɛnsɪv] a. 密集的 ④；intensive
training 密集訓練
intensify [ɪn`tɛnsə͵faɪ]
vt. 加強 vi. 加劇
John is a
determined person. Any failure will only intensify his desire to try again. / 約翰是個很有決心的人。任何的失敗只會加強他想要再度嚐試的慾望。
The drought
intensified and spread. / 這個旱災加劇並擴散開來。＊drought [draʊt] n. 旱災
intensity [ɪn`tɛnsətɪ]
n. 強度，熱切
I can't stand
the intensity of the heat. / 這樣的熱度我無法忍受。
The boss likes
David because whatever he does, he does it with intensity. / 老闆喜歡大衛，因為他不管做什麼都很投入。
intensive [ɪn`tɛnsɪv]
a. 徹底的，密集的
衍生字：intensively
[ɪn`tɛnsɪvlɪ] adv. 密集地
同義字：concentrated
[`kɑnsɛn͵tretɪd] a. 集中的
The police began
an intensive search for the missing child. / 警方開始密集搜尋這個失蹤的小孩。
延伸：the
intensive care unit (ICU) 加護病房
largely [`lɑrdʒlɪ]
adv. 大大地，大部分
同義字：mostly
[`mostlɪ] adv. 大多數地 ④；mainly [`menlɪ] adv. 主要地 ②
primarily [praɪ`mɛrəlɪ]
adv. 主要地 ③
Our success is
largely due to Kelly's help. / 我們的成功要大大地歸功於凱莉的幫忙。
Those who work
in this field are largely women. / 在這個領域工作的人大半是女性。
lead [lɛd] n. 鉛（不可數）
衍生字：leaded
[`lɛdɪd] a. 有鉛的（汽油）；unleaded [ʌn`lɛdɪd] a. 無鉛的（汽油）
Lead is a chemical
element that can be used as a building material. / 鉛是一種化學物質，可以作為建材使用。
延伸：leaded
petroleum 〔英〕含鉛汽油 = leaded gas〔美〕= leaded gasoline＊gasoline [`gæsə͵lin] n. 汽油
mostly [`mostlɪ]
adv. 主要地
同義字：largely
[`lɑrdʒlɪ] adv. 大大地；大部分 ④；mainly
[`menlɪ] adv. 主要地 ②；primarily [praɪ`mɛrəlɪ] adv. 主要地
③
John succeeded
mostly because he worked hard and had great ambition. / 約翰能夠成功主要是因為他努力工作又有強烈的企圖心。＊ambition [æm`bɪʃən] n. 企圖心；野心
orchestra [`ɔrkɪstrə]
n. 管弦樂團
The great
performance of the orchestra won everyone's applause. / 管弦樂團出色的演出贏得一致的掌聲。＊applause [ə`plɔz] n. 鼓掌喝采
延伸：a
symphony orchestra 交響樂團
panel [`pænḷ] n.
儀表板，專題討論小組
片語：an
instrument panel 儀表板
There's
something wrong with the instrument panel. / 儀表板有點問題。
A panel of
judges met to discuss the Carlson case. / 裁判小組集會討論卡爾森案件。
用法：『儀表板』正式的說法為 an instrument panel。
pickpocket [`pɪk͵pɑkɪt] n. 扒手
同義字：thief
[θif] n. 小偷 ②
Watch out for
pickpockets while you're traveling. / 旅行時小心扒手。
possess [pə`zɛs]
vt. 擁有，持有，（鬼魂）附身於
片語：be
possessed of sth 擁有某物 = possess sth；be possessed by a ghost 被鬼魂附身
The man was
arrested for possessing drugs when he arrived in the country. / 這名男子抵達該國時，因持有毒品而被捕。
Peter's father
is possessed of a good sense of humor. = Peter's father possesses a good sense
of humor. / 彼得的父親很有幽默感。
The boy seemed
to be possessed by evil spirits. / 這男孩似乎被邪靈附身了。
possession [pə`zɛʃən]
n. 擁有（不可數），財產（恆用複數）
片語：take
possession of sth 取得某物的所有權
be found in
possession of... 被發現擁有⋯
The possession
of health is extremely valuable. / 擁有健康是非常可貴的。
We lost all our
possessions in the flood. / 這次水災中我們失去所有的財產。
The bank took
possession of the debtor's home. / 該銀行取得該債務人房子的所有權。＊debtor [`dɛtɚ] n. 債務人
The man was
found in possession of drugs. / 該男子被發現持有毒品。
resolution [͵rɛzə`luʃən]
n. 志願，期望，決心
片語：make a
resolution to V 下定決心要⋯ = make a promise to V = resolve
to V = determine to V = make up one's mind to V
同義字：promise
[`prɑmɪs] n. 承諾 ②
Have you made
any New Year's resolutions? / 你立定了任何新年新希望嗎？
Cindy made a
resolution to study abroad someday. / 辛蒂下定決心有一天要出國唸書。
resolve [rɪ`zɑlv] vt. 解決，下決心
片語：resolve
the problem 解決問題 = solve the problem；resolve to V 下定決心要⋯
衍生字：resolute
[`rɛzə͵lut] a. 堅決的；堅毅的 ⑥
The letter
should resolve their doubts. / 這封信應能解除他們的疑慮。
We did all we
could to resolve the dispute. / 我們盡了全力去解決這個紛爭。
It took me five
hours to resolve this problem. / 我花了 5 個小時解決這個困難。
Kathy has
resolved to marry Tony. / 凱西已下定決心要嫁給東尼。
retire [rɪ`taɪr]
vi. 退休，睡覺，休息
片語：retire
from... 從⋯退休
Jack retired
from the military after 30 years of service. / 在軍中服役 30 年後，傑克退休了。
When did you
retire last night? = When did you go to bed last night? / 你昨晚幾點睡覺？
retired [rɪ`taɪrd]
a. 已退休的
Both Peter's
parents are retired doctors. / 彼得的雙親都是已退休的醫生。
retirement [rɪ`taɪrmənt]
n. 退休
Ted became a
volunteer after his retirement from
business. / 泰德自企業界退休後就成了一名熱心公益的義工。＊volunteer [͵vɑlən`tɪr] n. 義工
shift [ʃɪft] vt.
轉移，改變 n. 輪班
片語：shift
one's attention from A to B 把注意力從A轉到B = change one's attention from A to B；work
on the day/night shift 上白天班／上夜班
Don't try to
shift the blame to me. / 不要把責任推到我身上。
What can I do to
shift my son's attention from computer games to his studies? / 我該怎麼做才能把我兒子的注意力從電動玩具轉移到課業上？
I work on the
night shift this week. / 我這星期輪夜班。
symphony [`sɪmfənɪ]
n. 交響樂，交響樂團（= symphony orchestra）
My favorite
piece of classical music is Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. / 我最喜歡的古典樂是貝多芬的第 9 號交響曲。
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