Unit 8
1. Not until + S + V... + Aux + S + V....
說明 本句型為not...until之倒裝用法，表示「直到……才……」。當句中出現not...until時，可將not until及副詞子句置於句首，並將助動詞移至主詞前形成倒裝，用來加強否定的語氣。
例句 1. These early people did not begin to
favor their left or right hands until they had invented more sophisticated
tools.
→ Not until they had
invented more sophisticated tools did these early people begin to
favor their left or right hands. (直到他們發明出更精密的工具，這些早期人類才開始偏好使用左手或右手。)
2. Sam did not stop playing video games
until his mother scolded him.
→
Not until Sam's mother scolded him did he stop playing
video games.
(直到他媽媽把他罵了一頓，Sam才停止打電動。)
3. Helen did not talk to Larry until he
apologized to her.
→ Not until Larry
apologized to Helen did she talk to him.
(直到Larry向Helen道歉，Helen才跟他說話。)
練習 1. My parents did not buy me a smartphone until I turned 16. (改寫句子)
2. Danny did
not leave the office until he finished his job. (改寫句子)
2. whoever = anyone who
whatever =
anything that
whichever = any/either
one of them that
說明 此句型為複合關係代名詞whoever、whatever、whichever的用法。複合關係代名詞相當於「先行詞 + 關係代名詞」，在名詞子句中可當主詞也可當受詞。
例句 1. In English, whatever (= anything
that) is related to “right” is thought to be good and correct.
(在英文中，任何和「右邊」有關係的都被認為是好且正確的。)
2. You
can choose whichever (= any/either one of them that) you like to
bring home.
(你可以選擇任何一個你喜歡的東西帶回家。)
3. Whoever (= anyone
who) is over the age of 65 can receive the vaccine for free.
(任何年過65歲以上的人可以免費注射疫苗。)
練習 1. Anyone who broke the window will be punished.
(用複合關係代名詞改寫)
→
2. The workers will do anything that it takes to
fight for their rights.
(用複合關係代名詞改寫)
→
3. S +
have/has + Vpp
說明 現在完成式的句型用來強調「過去所發生的事情」對「現在情況的影響或結果」。通常用來表示以下三種狀態：
1. 表示「從過去某時起一直持續到現在的動作或狀態」，通常與「for + 一段時間」或「since + 過去某個時間點」連用。Last/past
2. 表示「動作剛完成或尚未完成」，通常與already、just或yet連用。
3. 表示「截至目前為止已有過或未有過的經驗」，常和ever、never、once等時間副詞連用。
例句 1. Many
researchers have studied why some people are righthanded and others are lefthanded.
(許多研究人員研究了為什麼有些人是右撇子而其他人是左撇子。)
2. Linda
and I have known each other since we were six years old.
(我和Linda從六歲就認識對方了。)
3. Katy has never been to India.
(Katy從來沒去過印度。)
練習 1. Nancy已經把那本厚重的歷史書看完了。
Nancy
f the big history book.
2. 醫生尚未發現治療這個疾病的方法。
The doctors a way to treat this disease .
4. N +
who/which/that + V... → N + Ving
說明 1. 關係子句中的關係代名詞若為主格時，可將關係代名詞省略，並將子句中的動詞改為現在分詞(Ving)簡化成現在分詞片語，來修飾先行詞(N)。
2. 若關係子句為進行式，則直接省略關係代名詞及be動詞，保留Ving 即可。
例句 1. In contrast, the word “left” comes from an Old
English word which means “weak or worthless.”
→ In contrast, the word “left” comes from an Old English word meaning “weak or
worthless.”
(相反地，「左」這個字由古英文而來，意思是「脆弱的、毫無價值」。)
2. The man who is wearing
a green jacket is my brother.
→
The man wearing a green jacket is my brother.
(那位穿著綠色外套的男人是我的哥哥。)
3. The machine that is making
weird noises seems to be broken.
→
The machine making weird noises seems to be broken.
(那台發出奇怪聲音的機器似乎壞掉了。)
練習 1. Ellen is a student who
is studying French in Paris. (用分詞片語改寫)
→
2. Do you know the girl who
is singing on the stage? (用分詞片語改寫)
→
5. ...N, who/whom/which...
說明 非限定用法的關係子句用來說明對象很明確的先行詞，前面須有逗點隔開，且關係子句省略後主句的意義仍然完整。注意，此句型中的關係代名詞不可省略，且關係代名詞that不適用於此句型。
例句 1. Furthermore, lefthanded
people can now even celebrate their “rights” annually on August 13, which is
International LeftHanders Day.
(此外，左撇子現在可以在每年八月十三國際左撇子日慶祝自己的權益。)
2. Greg fell
in love with Jennifer, whom he met in the drama club.
(Greg愛上了他在戲劇社認識的Jennifer。))
3. The movie, which was directed by the
famous director, has won many awards. (這部由知名導演執導的電影贏得了許多獎項。)
練習 1. 這間超過100年的書店現在是知名觀光景點。
The
bookstore, is over 100
years old, is now a famous attraction.
2. Rigby太太有一個正就讀高中的女兒。
Mrs. Rigby
has a daughter, is now in
high school.
實力評量
I. 選擇題：依據下列各題句意，選出一個最符合語法的答案。
( )
1. Not until Ariel failed the test ____ to regret not studying hard.
(A) was she beginning (B) did she begin
(C) she began (D) she begins
( )
2. Kevin ____ is 180 centimeters tall, is one of the best basketball players on
the school team.
(A) , whom (B)
which (C) who (D) , who
( )
3. Paul has ____ in London for more than 5 years.
(A) lives (B)
living (C) live (D) lived
( )
4. Kenny believes ____ his girlfriend says because he trusts her.
(A) whoever (B)
whatever (C) whichever (D) however
( )
5. The gold ring ____ my mother has worn for years, was given to me as a
wedding gift.
(A), which (B),
that (C) who (D) what
( )
6. Not until my sister reminded me ____ my mother's birthday is approaching.
(A) was I realized (B)
I did realize (C) I realized (D) did I realize
( )
7. ____ wants to take part in the activity should sign up here.
(A) Whoever (B)
However (C) Whichever (D) Whatever
( )
8. Monica has never ____ stinky tofu because she can't stand the smell.
(A) trying (B)
tried (C) tries (D) try
( )
9. The music ____ in the coffee shop is my favorite song.
(A) to play (B)
plays (C) playing (D) played
( )
10. The person ____ behind me in the theater keeps kicking my chair.
(A) sit (B)
sat (C) sits (D) sitting
II. 改寫句子：依據提示字將以下各句改寫。
1. My mother will support anything that I want to
do. (用複合關係代名詞改寫)
2. I did not learn about informal English until I
visited the United States.
(Not Until...)
3. The snow which covered the roads made it
difficult to drive.
(用現在分詞片語改寫)
4. There are many delicious desserts, and you can choose any of them that
you like to go with your meal. (用複合關係代名詞改寫)
5. Rachel did not realize Andy was in love with
her until he wrote her a love letter.
(Not Until...)
III. 引導式翻譯：每格限填一字。
1. Smiths先生在這間公司工作10年了。
Mr. Smiths in this
company for 10 years.
2. 那箱農夫今早採集的柳橙將會被運往當地市場。
The box of oranges, the farmer picked this morning, will be
delivered to the local market.
3. 我跟在課堂上坐我旁邊的George去看電影。
I went to the movies with George, sits next
to me in class.
4.
Lillian從來沒有感到這麼生氣過。
Lillian so angry before.
5. 老師給了幫助同學做作業的學生一些小獎品。
The teacher gave small rewards to the students their
classmates with their homework.
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