B4U3 GRAMMAR

Unit 3

1. It + take (+ O) + time + to V....

說明 此句型表示「做某事須花費(某人)多少時間」，其中的it是虛主詞，代替後面的真主詞(to V)。而take在此表示「花費(時間)」，後接受詞(O)，受詞有時可省略。

例句 1. It took nature only a few seconds to change millions of people's lives forever.

(大自然只花了幾秒鐘時間，就使數百萬人的生活永遠改變。)

2. It will take us a whole week to clean up the mess.

(清理這團亂需要花上我們一整個星期的時間。)

3. It takes about ten minutes to ride a bike to the post office.

(騎腳踏車到郵局需要花大約十分鐘的時間。)

練習 1. Aaron spent two hours driving from Taipei to Taichung.　(改寫句子)

→ It took Aaron two hours to drive from Taipei to Taichung.                    

2. The writer spent three years writing her new book.　(改寫句子)

→ It took the writer three years to write her new book.                      

2. If + S + had (not) Vpp..., S + would/could/should/might (not) + have Vpp....

說明 此為與過去事實相反的假設語氣用法，用來表示假設的情況「與過去事實不符」，由if所引導的子句用過去完成式，而主要子句則須在過去式助動詞之後接完成式。

例句 1. If Michael Jackson hadn't written the original song, the new version might never have been recorded.

(假如麥可‧傑克森當時沒有寫下原曲，新的版本可能就永遠不會被錄製了。)
2. If I hadn't studied hard, I wouldn't have passed the exam.

(假如我當時沒有認真唸書，我就無法通過考試了。)

3. If the boy had gotten lost in the forest, he could have been attacked by the wolves.　(假如當時男孩在森林裡迷路，他有可能會遭到狼群攻擊。)

練習 1. If John   hadn't/had not missed   (not miss) the train, he   might not have been   (may not be) late for the meeting.　(完成句子)

2. If I   had gotten   (get) your message, I   would have called   (will call) you back.　(完成句子)

3. without + N/V­ing...  沒有……，不……

說明 without為介系詞，意為「沒有……，不……」，其後須接名詞或動名詞，以形成介系詞片語。除了置於句尾之外，也可置於句首，但後面須加逗點。

例句 1. Survivors were left without food or clean water.

(存活下來的人沒有食物或乾淨的水可用。)

2. My father fell asleep on the couch without turning off the television.

(我父親沒關掉電視就在沙發上睡著了。)

3. Without bringing his keys, Kevin rushed out of his house.

(Kevin沒帶鑰匙就衝出他的房子了。)

練習 1. Matt一言不發地離開了客廳。

Matt left the living room   without     saying/speaking   a word.

2. 沒有足夠的錢，Chad無法買那雙新的運動鞋。

  Without     enough     money  , Chad couldn't buy the new sneakers.

4. S + had + Vpp

說明 1. 此為「過去完成式」的句型，用來表示「某過去時間點以前已發生並持續到該時間點的動作或狀態」或「比發生在過去某一時間點之動作更早完成的動作或狀態」，常與「by + 時間」或when、before、after、by the time等連用。

2. 句子中較早發生或完成的動作用「過去完成式」，而較晚的動作則用「過去簡單式」。

例句 1. The government was unable to help its people because many government officials had been killed in the disaster.
(政府無法幫助它的人民，因為很多政府官員已經在災害中喪命。)

2. All the students had finished the test by the time the bell rang.

(在鐘聲響起時每個學生都已寫完考卷了。)

3. The food in the new restaurant was better than I had expected.

(新餐廳的食物比我預期的還要好吃。)

練習 1. 直到Lucas上公車之前他都沒有意識到他忘了帶皮夾。

Lucas   didn't     realize   he   had     forgotten   to bring his wallet until he got on the bus.

2. Nick在Mandy抵達電影院前就買好電影票了。

Nick   had bought   already   arrived   the movie tickets before Mandy         at the theater.

5. It + be + time (+ for sb) + to V....

It + be + time + for N....

說明 此句型用來表示「該是(某人)……的時候」，time後面可接to 加原形動詞或for加名詞。

例句 1. It's time to lend a hand to life—the greatest gift of all.

(是該向生命—這最美妙的禮物伸出援手的時候了。)

2. It is time for bed.　(是該上床睡覺的時候了。)

3. The party ended, and it was time for us to leave.

(派對結束了，該是我們要離開的時候了。)

練習 1. 晚餐時間到了。

It is time for dinner                                                  

2. 該是我妹妹練習彈鋼琴的時候了。

It is/was time for my sister to practice playing the piano.                     

實力評量

I. 選擇題：依據下列各題句意，選出一個最符合語法的答案。

( D ) 1. Leo 　　 up to one million NT dollars when he turned 30.
(A) saves                      (B) have saved      (C) is saved             (D) had saved

( A ) 2. It should 　　 about 30 minutes to bake this chocolate cake.
(A) take                        (B) spend              (C) cost                   (D) need

( D ) 3. 　　 Internet connection, Judy couldn't check her e­mails.
(A) By                          (B) Of                   (C) For                    (D) Without

( A ) 4. It's time for Jason 　　 for his tests.
(A) to study                  (B) study               (C) studying            (D) studies

( D ) 5. My father 　　 to work before I woke up.
(A) have gone               (B) goes                 (C) gone                  (D) had gone

( B ) 6. If Alex 　　 fallen down, he 　　 won race.
(A) hadn't; can             (B) hadn't; could have
(C) haven't; could         (D) haven't; can

( A ) 7. It was time for me 　　 to school.
(A) to go                       (B) go                    (C) going                 (D) went

( B ) 8. Daniel went into the manager's office without 　　 on the door first.
(A) knock                     (B) knocking         (C) to knock            (D)knocked

( C ) 9. It took the artist 3 years 　　 this work of art.
(A) to completing         (B) complete         (C) to complete       (D) completed

( A ) 10. If you hadn't offended our client, things 　　 a lot easier.
(A) would have been                                (B) would be
(C) will have been                                    (D) will be

II. 完成句子：依據上述句型完成以下各句。

1. It will   take 3 hours to finish   (3 hours/finish) watching this movie.

2. If Mr. Smith   had given up   (give up) smoking earlier, he   might not have been   (may not be) so ill.

3. It's time for Peter   to get   (get) a part­time job.

4. Larry   lost   (lose) the book that he   had borrowed   (borrow) from his sister.

5. Without   asking for my permission   (ask for/my permission), my brother read the text messages on my cell phone.

III. 引導式翻譯：每格限填一字。

1. 修理這輛車花費了我父親整個下午的時間。
It   took   my father the whole afternoon   to     fix/repair   the car.

2. 假如Eric沒有告訴我今天停課，我就會去學校了。
If Eric   hadn't     told   me that classes were canceled today, I   would     have     gone   to school.

3. George沒有先暖身(warm up)就跳進游泳池了。
George jumped into the swimming pool without   warming     up   first.

4. 是我該帶我的狗去散步的時候了。
It's time   for   me   to     take   my dog out for a walk.

5. Rachel在造訪峇里島之前從來沒有看過這麼美麗的海灘。
Rachel   had   never   seen   such a beautiful beach before she   visited   Bali.

B4U4 GRAMMAR

Unit 4

difficulty

1. S + have +    trouble      (+ in) + V­ing

a hard time　

說明 此句型用以表示「在……方面有困難，很難做到……」。其中in常被省略而直接接動名詞(V­ing)。

例句 1. You may have difficulty (in) eating exotic cuisine.　

(你可能覺得異國風味的菜餚難以下嚥。)

2. Nowadays, many parents have trouble (in) communicating with their teenage children.　(現今，許多父母很難跟他們青少年的孩子溝通。)

3. The restaurant is so popular that we have a hard time (in) making a reservation.　(這間餐廳太有人氣，以至於我們很難訂到位。)

練習 1. It was difficult for me to understand the Indian man's English. (difficulty)　

(改寫句子)

→ I had difficulty understanding the Indian man's English.                     

2. It was hard for Wendy to carry the heavy box up the stairs. (a hard time)　

(改寫句子)

→ Wendy had a hard time carrying the heavy box up the stairs.                 

2. A + be + Adj­er/more Adj + than + B

→ B + be + less Adj + than + A

→ B + be + not + as Adj as + A

說明 第一個句型為形容詞比較級的用法，表示「A比B較為……」；而第二個句型是第一個的反向說法，為劣等比較，表示「B不比A……」；第三個則為形容詞原級比較的否定用法，表示「B不如A……」。

例句 1. Chicken is tastier than fried frog legs.

→ Fried frog legs are less tasty than Chicken.

→ Fried frog legs are not as tasty as Chicken.　(炸蛙腿不如雞肉美味。)

2. Kenny's parents are stricter than my parents.

→ My parents are less strict than Kenny's parents.

→ My parents are not as strict as Kenny's parents.　

(我父母不如Kenny父母嚴格。)

3. To me, learning French is more difficult than learning English.

→ To me, learning English is less difficult than learning English.

→ To me, leaning English is not as difficult as learning French.　

(對我來說，學英文不如學法文困難。)

練習 1. The new medicine is more effective than the old medicine.

→ The old medicine is not as effect as the new medicine                  .

2. Nina's idea is more appealing than Eric's.

→ Eric's idea is less appealing than Nina's                             .

3. ...N, who/whom/which

說明 非限定用法的關係子句用來說明對象很明確的先行詞，前面須有逗點隔開，且關係子句省略後主句的意義仍然完整。注意，此句型中的關係代名詞不可省略，且不可用that替換詞that不適用於此句型。

例句 1. I have tasted sheep's eyeballs, which are served to the guest of honor.　

(我品嚐過用來招待貴賓的羊眼珠。)

2. I'm going to travel to the United States with my best friend Alex, whom I have known for 10 years.　(我將和我認識了十年的摯友Alex一起去美國旅行。)

3. Mrs. Taylor's daughter, who just finished her studies in France, is coming back next week.　(Taylor太太剛在法國完成學業的女兒下週要回來了。)

練習 1. 穿著灰色西裝的經理會處理你的投訴。

The manager,   who   is wearing a gray suit, will deal with your complaints.

2. 我們住在這間我祖父建造的房子已經50年了。

The house,   which   is built by my grandfather, has been our home for 50 years.

4. so...that...

說明 so...that...表示「如此……以至於……」的意思，so後面可接形容詞或副詞，而that引導表示「結果」的子句。

例句 1. The boiled fish was so spicy that I felt like it could burn a hole in my tongue.

(水煮魚是如此地辣以至於我好像覺得它能在我舌頭燒一個。)

2. Karen was so delighted that she started dancing.

(Karen是如此地愉快以至於她開始跳舞。)

3. Larry was talking so fast that I didn't catch a word he said.

(Larry說話如此地快以致於他說的話我一個字也沒聽到。)

練習 1. 數學老師說的話是如此地令人困惑以至於Peter請他再解釋一次。

What the math teacher said was   so     confusing     that   Peter asked him to explain again.

2. Tony 是如此地難過以至於他哭個不停。

Tony was   so   u  upset     that   he couldn't stop crying.

5. A rather than B 是A而不是B

說明 rather than用來連接兩個文法上有對等關係的字詞，表達「而不是……」之意，其後可接名詞、形容詞、不定詞、動名詞和副詞等。連接兩個不定詞時rather than後面的不定詞通常省略to。

例句 1. It is the thought rather than the taste that spoils your appetite.

(破壞你食慾的是你的想法而不是味道。)

2. Kyle bought that expensive car out of desire rather than necessity.

(Kyle買那輛昂貴的車子是出於浪費而非需要。)

3. Vincent decided to go jogging rather than watch TV.

(Vincent決定去慢跑而不是看電視。)

練習 1. 我母親在她的沙拉裡用了醋而不是美乃滋。

My mother used vinegar   rather     than   mayonnaise in her salad.

2. Irene選擇找出問題的解決方法而不是忽略它。

Irene chose to find a solution to the problem   rather     than   ignore it.

實力評量

I. 選擇題：依據下列各題句意，選出一個最符合語法的答案。

( B ) 1. People who don't exercise are 　　 than those who do.
(A) healthy                   (B) less healthy     (C) less healthier     (D) not as health

( C ) 2. We had difficulty 　　 into the department store when it was having a sale.
(A) get                          (B) to get               (C) getting              (D) to getting

( B ) 3. My parents always try to encourage me 　　 scold (責罵) me when I make mistakes.
(A) instead of               (B) rather than       (C) instead than      (D) rather of

( B ) 4. It was Amy's kind heart 　　 her look that made me fall in love with her.
(A) instead                   (B) rather than       (C) rather of            (D) instead than

( A ) 5. My brother has trouble 　　 the writing on the blackboard without his glasses.
(A) in seeing                 (B) in see               (C) to seeing           (D) to see

( A ) 6. The writer's new book is 　　 his last one. I like the last one better.
(A) not as interesting as                             (B) less interesting as
(C) more interesting than                           (D) as interesting as

( B ) 7. Sam likes the girl 　　 much 　　 he would do whatever she says.
(A) too; that                 (B) so; that            (C) very; to             (D) so; to

( D ) 8. Maggie 　　 I have always liked a lot, accepted my movie invitation.
(A) , that                       (B) that                  (C) who                   (D), whom

( A ) 9. The stinky tofu smells 　　 bad that Helen can't take a bite.
(A) so                           (B) very                 (C) too                    (D) much

( B ) 10. The house 　　 was destroyed by the typhoon, used to be our home.
(A) which                   (B), which             (C), that                  (D) that

II. 重組句子：將以下各句重組並做適當修改。

1. understood/John/himself/hard time/had/a/making

John had a hard time making himself understood.                                

2. true love/To me,/valuable/not as /money is/as

To me, money is not as valuable as true love.                                   

3. when seeing/rather than/the strange fish/was curious/Sheila/afraid

Sheila was curious rather than afraid when seeing the strange fish.                  

4. William/talking to/shy/was so/blushed/that/he/while/me

William was so shy that he blushed while talking to me.                           

5. will/Dorothy,/whom/my birthday party/at the concert,/I met/attend

Dorothy, whom I met at the concert, will attend my birthday party.                  

III. 引導式翻譯：每格限填一字。

1. Ron很頑固，而我們很難說服他改變心意。
Ron was very stubborn, and we had   a     hard     time   p  persuading   him to change his mind.

2. Jessica雖然外表不比Ashley吸引人，但她比Ashley親切。
Although Jessica is   less   attractive   than   Ashley in appearance, she is   friendlier     than  Ashley.

3. 這部電影是根據真實事件而不是小說所改編。
This movie is based on a true story   rather     than   fiction.

4. 我因為明天的約會感到如此地興奮以至於我無法入睡。
I was   so   excited about the date tomorrow   that   I couldn't sleep.

5. 河裡有許多水燈，據說是用來給迷路的鬼魂指引方向的。
On the river there are several paper lanterns,   which   are believed to give lost ghost directions.